PSYC 361 Developmental Psychology Final Exam

ethology

the contribution that a behavior makes to a species fitness and how the behaviors change as the organism ages

imprinting

following behavior

sensitive period

a time that is biologically optimal for certain capacities to emerge because the individual is especially responsive to environmental influences

critical period

time interval during which the organism is biologically prepared to acquire a certain behavior

ethogram

Complete catalog of an organism's behavior in its natural environment

social policy

applying theories and findings to help solve social problems

enactors

individuals, groups, governments

behavioral genetics

contributions of nature and nurture to complex traits

kinship studies

using heritability estimates to quantify the influence of genetic factors on such traits as intelligence and personality

gene-environment interactions

genetic makeup causes individuals to respond differently to varying environments

gene environment correlation

how children's genes affect the environments to which they are exposed

epigenesis

development is a series of complex exchanges between nature and nurture

Temperament

easily appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation

Goodness-of-fit model

temperament and environment interact, personalized responses to children's temperament leads to adaptive functioning

What is the normative approach in psychology?

It measures behavior on large numbers of individuals.

What does the normative approach compute?

Age-related abilities to represent typical development.

who designed the normative approach

G Stanley Hall

human development

interdisciplinary aspects of developmental psychology

development

study of changes that humans undergo lifespan

attachment

Strong affectionate tie we have with special people in our lives

WAIS-V

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 5th Edition.

WAIS-V

vocab, arithmetic, visual puzzles, coding, block design

mean intelligence test

100

intelligence SD

15

simplex

a scale that measures something that cannot be directly observed

kinesthetic ability

excel at physical skill and movement

over extension

children apply a word too broadly

under extension

child uses a category in a narrow range

EASI stands for

Emotionality Activity Sociability Impulsivity

EASI MZ v DZ

mz twins show more similarity in temperament than dz

gender-stereotyped trait

differences concerning characteristics between being a man or woman

gender identity

a person's internal sense of their gender

gender-stereotype flexibility

understanding that men and women can fulfill roles and exhibit characteristics traditionally associated with the opposite gender

gender bias

the tendency to provide preferential treatment toward one gender over another

sex

chromosomes, hormones, anatomy

instrumental trait

traits that are a means to an end

men are associated with

instrumental traits

instrumental traits

Independence, aggressivity, dominance, activity

women are associated with

Expressive traits

expressive trait

a supportive or emotional personality trait or characteristic

expressive traits

Kindness, creativity, tactfulness

conjoined twins

Monozygotic twins are born physically joined to one another.

auschwitz-birkenau

Located in Poland, largest death camp built by the Nazis; over 2,000,000 people died there by means of starvation, diease, and gassing; Birkenau is often referred to as Auschwitz II

are monozygotic twins clones

yes

john locke

tabula rasa, advocated against beating kids in school

catell

fluid and crystallized intelligence

john watson

behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions to a given situation; innate emotions, famous for the Little Albert study in which the baby was taught to fear a white rat

josef mengele

a German S.S. physician notorious for pseudo-scientific experiments particularly on Gypsies and twins

robert sternberg

triarchic theory of intelligence

howard gardner

devised theory of multiple intelligences: logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic

noam chomsky

language development; disagreed with Skinner about language acquisition, stated there is an infinite # of sentences in a language, humans have an inborn native ability to develop language

binet

published the first useful test of general mental ability

Simon and Binet

developed first intelligence test, mental age

terman

studied children to determine if IQ shaped their adulthood

galton

1st to suggest intelligence was inherited and ability reflected by sensory and motor functioning

fluid intelligence

innate potential to learn and perform

crystalized intelligence

accumulated knowledge

triarchic theory of intelligence

analytical creative practical

galton twin method

investigate the relative influence of heredity and environment on human traits to study nature v nurture

MAX

maximally discriminating facial movement system

What MAX is

coding system used to identify facial expressions that are thought to correspond to specific emotions in infants and toddlers

Bandura

modeling as a form of social learning

social referencing

children look to their caregivers when they are unsure of how to react to a situation

Cognitive developmental discrepancy theory

how individuals' perceptions of discrepancies between their actual self, their ideal self, and the self they think others expect of them, influence their emotions and behavior

appeasement

behaviors that aim to reduce the likelihood of aggressive or threatening actions from another individual or group

5 month smiles

reserved for familiar persons

6 months

stranger anxiety

reflex smile

a smile seen in the newborn that is usually spontaneous and appears to depend on some internal stimulus rather than on something external, such as another person's behavior

lyonization

Random X inactivation in females