Evolution
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What is urbanization?
Urbanization is the process of making a city larger due to people moving from rural areas.
How does urbanization affect animal habitats?
Urbanization reduces habitats for animals due to increased building and pollution.
How did urbanization impact Hawksbeard?
Hawksbeard adapted to urban environments and became non-feathery.
How did urbanization impact Juncos?
Juncos became less shy towards humans.
How did urbanization impact Rats?
Rats adapted to resist rat poison.
Why do scientists think differences exist between urban and non-urban populations?
Differences exist because they adapt to very different environments.
What is habitat fragmentation?
Habitat fragmentation is when a large area is broken down into smaller pieces.
How does habitat fragmentation affect seed dispersal in plants like hawksbeard?
It makes it harder for seeds to spread and reduces population growth.
Why do urban hawksbeard produce fewer feathery seeds?
They adapted to save energy by producing fewer short-distance seeds.
What makes a trait heritable?
A trait is heritable if it is controlled by genes and can be passed from parents to offspring.
How does fragmentation act as a selection pressure in hawksbeard populations?
It favors plants that produce fewer, shorter-dispersing seeds.
How did rats in Tokyo become resistant to poison?
They gained a gene over time that resisted the poison.
What role do mutations play in poison resistance?
Mutations create new genes that help organisms survive.
Why is sexual reproduction important for the evolution of resistance in rats?
It creates genetic variation that allows traits to spread.
Why does poison act as a selection pressure?
It kills non-resistant rats, allowing resistant rats to survive.
How does a high reproduction rate influence the speed of evolution?
It speeds up evolution by allowing new traits to spread quickly.
Why is boldness an advantage for Juncos living in cities?
Boldness helps them get food and nest safely near humans.
How is boldness inherited in junco populations?
Boldness is passed from parents to offspring through genes.
What is CORT, and how does it relate to bird behavior?
CORT is a stress hormone; lower levels lead to bolder behavior.
How did boldness become more common in UCSD juncos?
Bold birds survived better in urban environments.
What are the four main principles of natural selection?
Variation, Inheritance, Differential survival and Reproduction, Adaptation.
How does urbanization create selection pressures?
It favors traits that help organisms survive and reproduce.
Why do traits that improve survival become more common?
Survivors pass these traits to their offspring.
How does the class consensus model connect to Darwin's theory of evolution?
It illustrates natural selection and how traits improve survival.
How do some bacteria survive antibiotic treatment?
They have traits that help them reject antibiotics.
Why is antibiotic use related to an increase in antibiotic resistance?
Antibiotics kill susceptible bacteria, leaving resistant ones alive.
What could happen to resistance levels if society uses fewer antibiotics?
Resistance levels could possibly decrease.
How is bacterial resistance similar to rat poison resistance?
Both processes involve the survival of resistant individuals.
Why can urban populations like Florida panthers experience reduced fitness?
They have fewer mates and inbreed, causing health problems.
Why can't natural selection alone explain all negative effects of urbanization?
Not all negative effects relate to survival traits.
Why is genetic diversity important for population survival?
It provides new traits that protect against diseases and changes.
How does fragmentation lead to smaller, isolated populations?
It breaks habitats into pieces, isolating groups.
Why do isolated populations lose genetic diversity over time?
They only breed within a small group, limiting trait variety.
What happens when a population loses too much genetic diversity?
It becomes weaker, leading to disease and potential extinction.
What are wildlife corridors?
Wildlife corridors are strips of natural habitat that connect separated areas.
How do wildlife corridors benefit species in fragmented habitats?
They allow animals to move safely to find food, mates, and new territories.
How do corridors help maintain genetic diversity?
They allow animals from different groups to meet and breed.
Why does reducing fragmentation improve a population's resilience?
It allows animals to move and mate, keeping populations healthy.
What criteria should a city consider when creating wildlife corridors?
Species in need, enough space, and long-term protection.
Why is gene flow important for maintaining stable wildlife populations?
It prevents inbreeding and maintains genetic diversity.
What conflicts exist between human needs and wildlife needs in urban planning?
Traffic, land use, safety, and cost.
How does knowledge of natural selection help cities design better growth plans?
It helps planners support wildlife adaptation and biodiversity.
Why is land-use decision-making complex? Give an example.
It balances competing needs, like housing vs. wildlife preservation.