BIOETHICS ppt 4

Behavior of human life

Bioethics is the study of_________

scientific and social progress

• ability to survive

Bioethics was born as a response to _______ – resulting to threatening conditions and critical concerns that also raised doubts about human’s ______

Nuclear technology and weapons 

ethical issues arising from the development and potential use of nuclear weapons

• power of technologies, spurred bioethicists to consider responsibility of science and medicine for human well being

Genetic research and engineering

gene sequencing and gene editing raise questions about genetic screening, potential designer basis, ethical implications of altering human DNA 

Bioterrorism

cause mass harm is a serious concern that required ethical considerations regarding prevention, preparedness and response

Pandemics and public health crises

ethical challenges of

• distributing resources,

• public health measures, balancing

• individual liberties

- key areas of bioethical inquiry during pandemic

End of life issues 

- euthanasia, physician assisted suicide, abortion

• complex ethical considerations involving person’s autonomy, relief of suffering, sanctity of life

Organ Donation and Transplantation 

ethical issues regarding informed consent, allocation of scarce organs, and potential f or exploitation

Patient rights and consent 

concept of patient rights, including informed consent, patient confidentiality, and advance directives – driving force in the growth of bioethics

Nuremberg Code 1947 

Condemned all experimentation on human subjects without their consent in response to Nazi’s experiment

Penicillin 

Tsukegee, Alabama, US Government had syphilis experimentation among 400 black Americans (1947) who were not treated despite the discovery of ________

tumor cells 1963 

_______were injected without consent to elderlies at the Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital in Brooklyn New York

viral hepatitis 1965-1971 

studies on ________ immunization at Willow brook State Hospital in N.Y. where handclapped children were inoculated with the virus

genetic engineering

Discoveries in ________ which brought the potential for manufacturing biological weapons and altering the very constitution of life forms, species, and individuals

1. human experimentation 

2. Discovery of genetics 

3. organ transplants 

4. beginning of life and human procreation 

5. end of life issues 

5 critical concerns of bioethics

Moras reasoning 

logical and ethical principles

Process of determining whether an action is right or wrong, using ______ and _____

critical analysis 

Moral reasoning : Applies _____ to specific events to determine what is right or wrong, and what people ought to do in a particular situation

Immanuel Kant 

Deontology was created by 

1. wrong thing to do 

2. done for wrong reason

Actions can be wrong in two ways ( In Deontology)

science of moral duty

Deontology is the ___________

Motives, Intention 

• duty, not remuneration

Deontology focuses on the importance of____ or _____ next to an outcome

• upright behavior is one that is driven by a ____not by ______

Positive and negative rights 

an action if it PROTECTS the individual from HARM  or UNWARRANTD interference from other people of the government while EXERCISING his RIGHT

Social Contract

• moral and political 

people contract with each other to ABIDE by the ___and ____ obligations TWARDS THE S OCIETY IN WHICH THEY LIVE

• if no order and law in the society = unlimited freedoms (killing another because of too much hatred, stealing money and property one needs etc.)

Social Justice theories

action is RIGHT if it CONFIRMS the FAIRNESS in the distributive, retributive dimensions of cost and rewards

Distributive dimension

Perceived fairness in distribution of Social benefits and Burden

Retributive Dimension

punishment proportionate to the extend of the crime while compensatory dimension – way people are compensated in relation to the injuries inflicted upon them

Negative right and positive right 

Social contract theories 

Social Justice theories

What are the 3 types of Deontology theories 

Consequentialism

Teleology is also known as _______

entire, perfect, complete

goal / end 

GW Teleos means: _________

GW Telos means: _______

teleology 

• action can be judged right and/or good only on the basis of the consequences they produce.

• based on assumptions that a decision is judged in terms of the assessment of outcome

ethical egoism

utilitarianism 

eudaimonism 

Types of Teleology theories

Ethical egoism 

action is good if it produces or is likely to produce result that maximize the person’s self-interest which the person himself define

- it is always right to promote one’s own good

decisions and actions

Utilitarianism is the rationality of______and ______

utilitarianism 

an action is good if it results in maximum satisfaction for a large number of people who are likely to get affected by the action

john stuart mill

jeremy bentham 

who are the famous utilitarianism authors

John stuart mill

create term Utilitarianism

Jeremy bentham 

greatest happiness of the great number is the foundation of morality and legislation

Eudaimonism 

action is good if it results in the fulfillment of goals along with the welfare of the human being

• promote fulfillment of goals that constitute human nature and its happiness

Virtue ethics 

Moral conduct is not determined by universal code of conduct or an outcome of a specific action but by specific personal traits that guarantee the right choice in front of moral dilemmas

excellence in character

Virtue ethics is _________

• character of the health care provider, which are morally praiseworthy traits

fidelity

Honesty 

Humility 

Respect

Compassion 

Prudence 

Courage 

what are the Virtues of Health Care provider:

Fidelity 

obligation of a person to be faithful to agreements, responsibilities and commitments that he has made to himself and to other

Honesty 

being fair and just in character and behavior, not cheating or stealing, free of deceit

Humility 

modest in dealings, unpretentious, with simplicity, and submissive

Respect 

showing a differential esteem felt or shown toward a person

Compassion 

important for nurse because this enables her to serve others selflessly

Prudence

acting with cautiousness, with foresight, and with discretion

Courage

ability to disregard fear in acting out one’s convictions and beliefs

Moral rights 

• myself

• Special interest a person has, and which ought to be protected for moral reasons

• Concerns the moral interests of _______

Moral Duty 

• others

An action which a person is bound to perform for moral reasons

• Concerns the moral interest of _______

Moral Obligations

• An action which a person is bound to perform for moral reasons

• Moral duties, but not as strong also concerns the moral interests of others