Bio 224 lab

plasma membrane

the outer limit of the cytoplasm , responsible for the regualtion of substance moving into and out of the cell

aquaporin

a specialized protein channel that facilitates diffusion of water through cell membrane

osmosis

the passive transport of water across a selectively permeable membrane in response to solute concentration gradients, pressure gradients, or both

isotonic

the state of equal concentration of water inside and outside of cell

hypotonic

solution containing dissolved substance at a lower concentration

solute concentration outside of the cell is lower than inside the cell (solution os hypotonic to the cell)

Hypertonic

solution containing dissolved substances at higher concentrations then the cell it surrounds

a solution outside of the cell that has a higher solute concentration than inside the cell

osmolality

a measure for the osmotic concentration of a solution, it is measure in osmoles per kilogram of solvent

semi-permeable membrane

A membrane that allows certain molecules or ions to pass through it by osmosis

osmoregulation

the process by which organisms maintain the balance of water and salt and other ions in their body to maintain homeostasis

hemolysis

rupturing of red blood cells and the release of their contents (cytoplasm) into surrounding fluid

crenation

the process where red blood cells will shrink and shrivel due to exposure to a hypertonic solution. this happens when cell lose water in concentrated solution

osmoregulator

an animal that uses control mechanisms to keep the osmolarity of cellular and extracellular fluids the same but at levels that may differ from the osmolarity of the surroundings

osmoconformers

an animal in which the osmolarity of the cellular and extracellular solutions matches the osmolarity of the enviroment

metanephridia

the excretory tubule of most annelids and molluscs

alveoli

one of millions of tiny air pockets in mammalian lungs, each surrounded by dense capillary networks

bronchi

connect the trachea to the terminal airways, the bronchioles, leading to the alveoli in the lungs

bronchioles

one of the small, branching airways in the lungs that lead into the alveoli

tidal volume

the volume of air entering and leaving the lungs during inhalation and exhalation

inspiratory reserve volume

additional volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation

expiratory reserve volume

the amount of extra air (above normal volume) exhaled during a forceful breath out

residual volume

the air that remains in the lungs after a complete, forced exhalation

vital capacity

the maximum of tidal volume of air that an individual can inhale and exhale

spirometer

measure show much air goes into and out of your lungs when you breathe

chemoreceptor

a sensory receptor that detects specific molecules or chemical conditions such as acidity

respiratory center

generating and maintaining the rhythm of respiration, and adjusting to maintian homeostasis

homeostasis

 process by which physiological variables are maintained at relatively stable levels within the body of an animal

negative feedback loop

a reverse of an outcome from the set point, so it returns back to set point

set point

the physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates

vasoconstriction

 the narrowing of blood vessels, that restricts blood flow/ pressure.  increases resistance, raises BP, and reduces peripheral blood flow

vasodilation

the widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow/ pressure. decreases resistance, lower BP and enhances blood flow to tissues

local blood flow

intrinsic control or regulation of the vascular tone of arteries ata  local level

blood pressure

the force of your blood pushing against the walls of your arteries

hypotension

the force of the blood pushing against the artery walls is too low (low blood pressure)

hypertension

the force of the blood pushing against the artery walls is consistently too high (high blood pressure)

plethysmograph

device that measures changes in volume in the body, such as blood volume or air in the lungs

thermoreceptors

detect a change in temperature

central nervous system

one of the two major divisions of the nervous system containing the brain and spinal cord

afferent neuron

a neuron that transmits stimuli collected by a sensory receptor to a interneuron

sensory neuron

a neuron that transmits stimuli collected by their receptors to interneurons

efferent neurons

a neuron that carries the signals indicating a response away from the interneuron networks to the effectors

motor neuron

an efferent neuron that carries signals to skeletal muscles

interneuron

a neuron that integrates info to formulate an appropriate response

reflex arc

 the neural pathway that controls an automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus

visuomotor learning

the process of learning how to translate info into motor actions

sensorimotor adaption

ability to modify motor commands to account for changes in the body or environment

prismatic adaptation

technique that uses prismatic lenses to treat visuo-spatial neglect, a brain disorder that affect attention

mechanoreceptors

a sensory receptor that detects mechanical energy, such as changes in pressure, body position, or acceleration, the auditory receptors in the ears are an example.

proprioceptors

a sensory receptor which receives stimuli from within the body, especially one that responds to position and movement

chorodotonal organ

a sensory structure found in insects and crustaceans that functions as a stretch receptor.

stretch receptors

a proprioceptor in the muscles and tendons of vertebrates that detects the position and movement of the limbs

nerve

a bundle of axons enclosed in connective tissue and all following the same pathway

sensory adaptations

the process by which our sense adjust to constant stimuli, making them less noticeable over time

firing frequency

 the rate at which neurons in the brain generate electrical impulses

tendon

a type of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

muscle bundle

a group of muscle fibers that are bound together by a connective tissue sheath

muscle fiber

a bundle elongated, cylindrical cells that make up skeletal muscles

neuromuscular junvtion (motor end plate)

the junction between a nerve fire and the muscle it supplies

motor unit

a block of muscle fibres that is controlled by branches of the axon of a single efferent neuron

myocardium

the thick muscular middle layer of the heart wall (between the epicardium and the endocardium)

composed of cardiac muscle cells which enable the heart to contract and pump blood throughout the body

bradycardia

condition where the heart beats fewer than 60 beats per minute (considered an abnormal heart rhythm)

tachycardia

condition where the heart beats faster then normal (over 100 beats per minute)

myogenic

a heart that maintains its contraction rhythm with no requirement for signals from the nervous system

neurogenic

a heart that beats under the control of of signals from the nervous system

systole

the period of contraction and emptying the heart

diastole

the period of relaxation an filling of the heart

baroreceptor

a stretch receptor that sense blood pressure, increasing pressure in blood vessels and triggers action potentials generation

baroreflex

homeostatic mechanism that helps to maintain blood pressure at nearly constant levels

provides a negative feedback loop where blood pressure is elevated causing heart rate to decrease

depolarization

a rapid change in the membrane of a cell where the membrane potential becomes less negative

repolarization

the return of a membrane potential to its resting state from a state of depolarization or hyperpolarization

aerobic glycolysis

part of cellular respiration where organisms break down glucose from the food to create usable energy in the form of ATP

respirometry

technique used to estimate the rate of metabolism in organisms

cellular respiration

the process by which energy-rich molecules are broken down to produce energy in the form of ATP

indirect Calorimetry

technique that measures oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production toc calculate resting energy expenditure and respiratory quotient

metabolism

the biochemical reactions that allow a cell or organism to extract energy from its surroundings and use that energy to maintain itself and grow

metabolic rate

the amount of energy your body uses to perform essential functions such as breathing, blood circulation and regulating body temp

standard metabolic rate

minimum metabolic rate needed to sustain life at a specific temp

basal metabolic rate

the energy required for preforming vital body functions at rest.

largest contributor to energy expenditure

mass specific metabolic rate

the ratio between the BMR of an organism and its body mass

endotherm

an animal that obtains most of its body heat from internal physiological sources (polar bear, elephant)

exotherm

animals that rely on external heat sources to control their body temperature( lizards and frogs)