Review Flashcards for Unit 10 Test (Human Geography)

A collection of vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts from Unit 10 of Human Geography lecture notes.

Primary Economic Activities

Activities that yield products directly from nature, such as mining, hunting, fishing, and agriculture.

Secondary Economic Activities

Activities that transform primary products into goods, such as manufacturing processed foods.

Tertiary Economic Activities

Economic activities that provide services to consumers and fill their needs.

Commodity Chain

The sequence of processes involved in the production and distribution of a commodity.

Subsistence Agriculture

Farming that provides for the needs of the farmer's family without surplus for sale.

First Agricultural Revolution

The period when humans began practicing agriculture, including vegetative planting and seed agriculture.

Pastoralism

The practice of herding animals across long distances according to seasonal calendars.

Shifting Cultivation

A nomadic lifestyle where farmers move to new pieces of land when their current land becomes infertile.

Slash-and-Burn Agriculture

A farming method that involves cutting and burning vegetation to create fresh land for planting.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of goods, plants, and animals between the Old World and the New World.

Second Agricultural Revolution

A period concurrent with the Industrial Revolution that introduced mechanization and enhanced agricultural productivity.

Green Revolution

A significant increase in agricultural production due to the introduction of high-yield crops and advanced farming techniques.

Biotechnology

The manipulation of living organisms or their components to develop useful products, particularly in agriculture.

Agribusiness

A term for the various businesses involved in agricultural production and the supply of agricultural products.

Von Thunen Model

A model that explains agricultural land use based on distance from a central marketplace, with different rings for varying agricultural intensities.

Dispersed Settlement Pattern

A settlement pattern where farmhouses and buildings are spread out over a large area.

Nucleated Settlement Pattern

A settlement pattern where buildings are clustered around a central point or village.

What is Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)?

A bacterium that has been spliced into corn genes to help corn resist pests, producing toxins harmful to insects and fungi.

What are the five different types of village forms?

Walled, Dispersed, Rundling, Linear, and Clustered.

What is the purpose of Ring #1 in the von Thünen model?

This ring represents the village and central marketplace where people consume agricultural products.

What is the purpose of Ring #2 of the Von Thünen model?

Labor-intensive farming products, such as fruits, vegetables, dairy cows, and chickens, which are perishable and require close proximity to the village.

What is the purpose of Ring #3 in the von Thünen model?

Forest resources for energy and lumber, located close to the village for efficient transportation.

What is the purpose of Ring #4 in the von Thünen model?

Extensive farming products like grains such as wheat and barley, which require less labor.

What is the purpose of Ring #5 in the von Thünen model?

Grazing lands that require the least labor and are land-extensive, suitable for livestock.

How has giant agribusiness affected American farming?

It has led to increased commercialization and the use of modern technology, often at the expense of smaller family farms.

What is input in agricultural terms?

Elements that allow for raw material extraction.

What is processing in agricultural terms?

The process of turning raw materials into goods.

What is the role of distribution in agriculture?

The phase where products are sent out to be sold.

What does consumption mean in agricultural terms?

The act of buying an item at a store or restaurant and consuming it.

What is a mechanical reaper?

A horse-powered machine that cuts and bundles grain simultaneously.

What are examples of mechanized farming equipment?

Trucks, tractors, and pumps that reduced labor for plowing, planting, fertilizing, and harvesting.

What are chemical fertilizers and pesticides?

Substances introduced to farming to enhance crop production and control pests.

What crops were introduced to the Old World from the New World?

Plants such as maize, tomatoes, and potatoes.

What animals were introduced to the New World from the Old World?

Animals such as horses, cattle, and pigs.

What is animal husbandry?

The practice of farming animals for their productive capacities.

What is pastoralism?

Also known as nomadic herding, it involves herding animals across long distances according to seasonal calendars.