Med Surg 2 Exam 4

Cancers that have a high mortality rate

lung cancer (frequently asymptomatic), pancreatic cancer (frequently diagnosed after metastasis), ovarian cancer (nonspecific until the disease is advanced), colorectal cancer (delayed screening or dx.)

Chemo client at increased risk for infection

chemotherapy attacks WBCs → WBC count lowers (neutropenia) → increased risk for infection → may progress to sepsis

Joints commonly affected by osteoarthritis

weight-bearing joints (e.g., spine, knees, hips but OA can affect any joints)

Modifiable risk factors to reduce cancer risk

smoking, alcohol consumption, excess body weight, sedentary lifestyle, dietary habits

Patho of frontotemporal dementia

increased number of TAU AND TDP-43 in frontal/temporal lobe→ loss of nerve cells → FRONTAL LOBE changes leads to changes in BEHAVIOR and TEMPORAL LOBE changes leads to changes in LANGUAGE AND EMOTIONS

Population at increased risk for HIV infection

substance use (e.g., sharing drug needles) and risky sexual activities (e.g., not using condoms during sexual activity)

Safety measures to prevent the spread of influenza

droplet precautions – wearing a surgical mask, respiratory hygiene (covering the mouth and nose), frequent hand hygiene, discard used tissue followed by hand hygiene, no close contact with others until they are fever-free for ~24H w/o antipyretics

Adverse effect of chemotherapy

N/V (up to 80% of clients, affects quality of life)

Behavioral manifestations in Alzheimer’s disease

restlessness, sundowning, wandering behaviors, aggression, agitation, depression and hopelessness

Peritonitis

tender, rigid, painful abdominal area that is localized/diffuse throughout the abdomen (size and area of discomfort will vary), may report N/V and constipation. S

Systemic lupus erythematosus

malar rash, arthritis in the joint, inflammation of the feet and eyes, fatigue, low-grade fever

Warning signs of cancer

unexplained weight loss, fatigue, palpable masses, swelling, pain, skin changes

Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)

cognitive tests that evaluate a client’s memory and recall abilities, problem-solving skills, attention, language, and communication skills.

MRI vs. mammogram for high risk of breast cancer

MRI is a more sensitive dx. testing tool than a mammogram. It captures multiple images to detect abnormal cells

Caregiver related stressors for Alzheimer’s disease

financial stress, emotional stress, physical stress

Depression in osteoarthritis client

⅓ of adults over 45 y/o with OA reports depression or anxiety. May result from fatigue, pain, decreased function and mobility, and social isolation

Erectile dysfunction treatment options

vacuum devices and penile implants following prostate surgery.

Highest priority for dementia client

Maintain independence while promoting overall safety

Intervention to reduce confusion in dementia client

reduce noise and clutter, limit engagement (one person at a time), speak calmly, use a gentle voice and touch, listen actively, keep familiar items around, establish routines, provider client with choices

Interventions for rheumatoid arthritis in the feet

shoes with velcro closures, fall precautions and assistance for safe ambulation

Interventions to avoid relocation stress syndrome in Alzheimer’s client

notify the clients and their families of the expected care transitions during the initial diagnosis phase. Intervention includes evaluation of the client and the family’s preferences, goals for care, interprofessional collaboration to support the client and family during the relocation period.

Interventions to prevent injury in delirium ICU client

1

Food allergies r/t latex allergy

avocado, bananas, chestnut, kiwi, apple, carrot, celery, potato, papaya, tomato, and melon

Priority when caring for a cancer client

provide holistic care and education. Includes support, monitoring and care

Safety risk priority for dementia client

discuss with family and caregivers the need to lock doors and add additional locks/alarm systems, provide alert bracelets, and supervising activities

Alzheimer’s disease in relation to abnormal protein buildup in the brain

beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles

Anaphylactic reaction – referral to allergy specialist

once stabilized and discharged refer them to an allergy specialist for evaluation, esp. in case that trigger was not identified. Clients should document any anaphylactic episodes and possible triggers.

Cancer awareness for local community

(1) LIGHT SKIN COLOR correlated with an overall INCREASED RISK OF ALL TYPES OF SKIN CANCER. (2) Lesions ON THE PLANTAR SURFACE OF THE FOOT occur in 30% to 40% of cases in nonwhite clients. (3) skin cancer presents more frequently in NON-SUN-EXPOSED BODY AREAS. (4) OBSERVING FEET can be done at a community event

Cells that HIV primarily attacks

the immune system (targets and destroys CD4 cells → low CD4 cells → immune system have trouble fighting off infections.)

Clients at risk for developing opportunistic infections

clients with HIV/AIDS, taking chemotherapy, long-term corticosteroid therapy, organ transplant recipients d/t immunosuppressive medications, poorly controlled diabetes

Difference in delirium and dementia

delirium has a sudden onset (few hours to days) while dementia has a gradual onset (months to years)

Ductal breast cancer

most common type of breast cancer

Immunity type provided from maternal antibodies

passive immunity (bet. Mother and child via placenta or breast milk, blood products)

Immunity type provided from vaccine source

active immunity (pathogen exposure → body creates antibodies to bind to antigens and destory it; via infection or vaccines)

Letter meaning of “TNM” staging system

Tumor (size and extent of the primary tumor), Node (number of nearby lymph nodes that show cancer), Metastsis (whether the cancer has metastasized)

Metastasis

the spread of cancer cells from its original site to other areas

Patho of dementia

group of disorders characterized by a progressive decline in one or more cognitive domains, such as memory, language, executive function, or social cognition that interferes with ADLs

Primary function of the immune system

protects the body against infection and disease by identifying and destroying harmful pathogens

Process responsible for cancer development

inherited from parents, results from an error during cell division, environmental factor (e.g., tobacco, UV light exposure) → genetic changes → impacts how cells operate

Rheumatoid arthritis – autoimmune disorder

most common autoimmune-related arthritis conditions. Affects about 1% of the world’s population (3 out of every 10,000 people). Affects ~1.5 million people in the US have RA

Risk factors for development of delirium

traumatic brain injuries, substance use or withdrawal, fluid and electrolyte imbalances, overuse of medication, adverse of medications (e.g., sedatives, opioids), infections, sleep deprivation, surgery and medications r/t surgery, serious illness

Aim of medication use in Alzheimer’s disease

no cure for dementia. Medications aim to stop/slow the progression of dementia to maintain the client’s quality of life.

Opioid medication side effects in cancer

increases the risk of developing fecal impaction