AP Compsci Principle Review

Compression

Compression

Process of making data smaller for storage or transmission

Data compression

Reducing the size of data for saving disk space or bandwidth

Lossless algorithms

Reconstruct original message exactly from compressed message

Lossy compression

Technique not decompressing digital data back to 100% original

Abstraction

Bundling related program variables for hierarchical data thinking

Parameters

Values sent to a procedure to make it more flexible

API

Application Programming Interface providing functionality documentation

Random numbers

Frequently needed feature in programs with prewritten code

Simulations

Designed to mirror real-world scenarios for testing

Algorithm Efficiency

Resources needed to run an algorithm in terms of time and memory

Heuristic approach

Suboptimal but close enough approach for problem-solving

Decidable problem

Problem with an algorithm resulting in a correct yes or no answer

Undecidable problem

Problem without an algorithm for a correct yes or no answer

Routing

Process of finding a path from sender to receiver in a network

Bandwidth

Measure of maximum data transfer through a network connection

Internet protocol (IP)

Responsible for addressing and routing online requests

Transmission control protocol (TCP)

Defines how computers send data packets to each other

User datagram protocol (UDP)

Protocol allowing applications to send messages without checking for missing packets

Solar Flare

Intense radiation released from the sun that can disrupt hardware

Parallel computing

Solution involving tasks done simultaneously and sequentially

Cloud computing

Offers new ways for communication and collaboration through remote servers

Digital Divide

Impact of technology on access to information, markets, and global society

Bias

Prejudice for or against certain groups, found in computing innovations

Artificial Intelligence Programs

Utilized for screening job applications, credit determination, and crime location

Crowdsourcing

Enables sharing info for problem-solving, finding jobs, or funding

Legal and Ethical Concerns

Includes intellectual property, citation, peer-to-peer networks, and data monitoring

Creative Commons

Facilitates sharing with clear permissions for various creations

Open-Source Software

Freely shared, updated, and supported software accessible to all

Open Access

Public data sharing by organizations for problem-solving and information search

Search Trends and Analytics

Reveals popular searches, browsing habits, and marketing trends

Data Mining

Analyzing large datasets, with machine learning as a subset

Personally Identifiable Information (PII)

Includes data identifying individuals, like addresses or social security numbers

Privacy

Concerns digital footprints, data storage, and web browsing privacy

Protecting Our Data

Involves cybersecurity measures to prevent unauthorized access

Security

Ensures data protection from unauthorized access and alterations

Cybersecurity

Safeguards electronic devices and networks from attacks

Phishing

Creates deceptive emails or websites to trick users into clicking malicious links

Computer Viruses

Malware that attaches to files, causing harm or spreading further

Keylogging Software

Malware capturing keystrokes and transmitting them to unauthorized parties

Cryptography

Involves secret codes, encryption, and decryption for data security

Public Key Encryption

Uses published algorithms to keep information secret until decryption

Securing the Internet

Relies on digital certificates from Certificate Authorities for trust