[BONDS] Chemical Bonds and Moelcular Geometry

Proverbs 16:3

Chemical Bond

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Determines the identity of matter

a. Physical Bonds

b. Chemical Bonds

Physical Bond (Intermolecular Forces)

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Does not determine the identity of matter

a. Physical Bonds

b. Chemical Bonds

chemical bond

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

A ________ is formed when two separate elements merge orbitals into one, that orbital having two electrons (a "bonding pair")

bonding pair

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

A chemical bond is formed when two separate elements merge orbitals into one, that orbital having two electrons (a "______")

2 electrons

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

A chemical bond only requires ____ electrons

nonbonding pair (lone pair)

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Any electron (usually a pair) that did not bond is called a ______.

Lewis formula

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

The elements with their complete set of bonding and lone pairs are written as a _______.

• Polarity

• Bond Order

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Chemical bonds may be classified in different ways such as _____ [2]

Polarity

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

_________- is the presence of charges (positive and negative charges are “opposite poles”)

Nonpolar

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

No charge

a. Polar

b. Nonpolar

Dipole

______is a system of two equal but opposite charges or magnetic poles

TRUE

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

TRUE OR FALSE:
If polarity is the adjective, the noun is dipole* (i.e. a polar compound has positive and negative dipoles)

• charge

• dipole

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

TRUE OR FALSE:

Usually, if the charge is full (+ or -), people just call it _____ BUT if partial δ+ or δ-, people call it _____

TRUE

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

TRUE OR FALSE:

The dipole is often initiated by a very electronegative element, making it δ- and leaving its partner δ+

Nonpolar covalent

[TYPE OF CHEMICAL BOND]

• Shared

• Have equal charge

a. Nonpolar covalent

b. Polar covalent

c. Ionic

Nonpolar covalent

[TYPE OF CHEMICAL BOND]

EN difference is 0.0 - 0.4

a. Nonpolar covalent

b. Polar covalent

c. Ionic

Polar covalent

NOTE: “Shared” (associated with the word covalent and molecular) leans toward immense equality (no polarity)

[TYPE OF CHEMICAL BOND]

• Shared

• Have Slightly unequal (partial charges/dipoles)

a. Nonpolar covalent

b. Polar covalent

c. Ionic

Polar covalent

[TYPE OF CHEMICAL BOND]

EN difference is 0.5 - 1.8

a. Nonpolar covalent

b. Polar covalent

c. Ionic

Ionic

NOTE: “Give / Take” (associated with the word ionic) leans towards immense inequality (polarity)

[TYPE OF CHEMICAL BOND]

• GIve/Take

• Have Very unequal (formal/full charges)

a. Nonpolar covalent

b. Polar covalent

c. Ionic

Ionic

[TYPE OF CHEMICAL BOND]

EN difference is > 1.8

a. Nonpolar covalent

b. Polar covalent

c. Ionic

Covalent Bond

Molecular Bond is also known as _____

Molecular (Covalent)

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Have relatively low melting and boiling points

a. Molecular (Covalent)

b. Ionic

Ionic

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Have relatively high melting and boiling points

a. Molecular (Covalent)

b. Ionic

Molecular (Covalent)

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Cannot conduct electricity in any state

a. Molecular (Covalent)

b. Ionic

Ionic

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Cannot conduct electricity in the solid state

a. Molecular (Covalent)

b. Ionic

Ionic

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Conducts electricity when melted

a. Molecular (Covalent)

b. Ionic

Molecular (Covalent)

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Abundant in all three states, usually flexible and dull

a. Molecular (Covalent)

b. Ionic

Ionic

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Usually crystalline solids, brittle and bright

a. Molecular (Covalent)

b. Ionic

Molecular (Covalent)

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Solubility depends on whether polar or nonpolar

a. Molecular (Covalent)

b. Ionic

Ionic

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Soluble in polar solvents like water

a. Molecular (Covalent)

b. Ionic

TRUE

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

TRUE OR FALSE:

Molecular (Covalent) and Ionic Compounds follow different naming rules

Bond Order

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

_____ is the number of bonds between two elements

Example:

• Single bond → one bonding pair

• Double bond → two bonding pair

• Triple bond → three bonding pair

1. Triple Bond

2. Double Bond

3. Single Bond

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Bond Strength from (strongest to weakest)

1. Single Bond

2. Double Bond

3. Triple Bond

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Bond Length from (longest to shortest)

Valence Shell Electron pair Repulsion (VSEPR)

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

The current model for molecular geometry is the ______ model.

#Bonding pairs	#Lone pairs	Geometry
2	0	Linear
3	0	Trigonal planar
2	1	Bent
4	0	Tetrahedral
3	1	Trigonal pyramidal
2	2	Bent
5	0	Trigonal bipyramidal
4	1	Seesaw
3	2	T-shaped
2	3	Linear
6	0	Octahedral
5	1	Square pyramidal
4	2	Square planar

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Table 15.Table of molecular geometries for reference purposes.Only few geometries are essential for pharmaceutical sciences no need to memorize

HIGHLIGHTED ONES ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT!!!

TRUE

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

TRUE OR FALSE:

Opposites attract (+ and -)

Example:

• Cathodes are negative – attracts cations

• Anodes are positive – attracts anions

TRUE

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]
TRUE OR FALSE:

The more positive and negative the two things are, there is more attraction

Intermolecular forces (IMFs)

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

_____ are attractions between two different entities (atoms or molecules) due to opposite charges/dipoles

Charge

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

• Charges on actual cations or anions

• No chemical bond yet

• The most powerful attracting force

a. Charge

b. Dipole

Dipole

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Just weaker than a “charge” because it is partial

a. Charge

b. Dipole

dipole

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]
The charges that are used are either the stronger permanent ones is a _____ or the weaker temporary ones the induced dipole

induced dipole

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]
The charges that are used are either the stronger permanent ones (“dipole”) or the weaker temporary ones the ________

TRUE

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

TRUE OR FALSE:

More IMFs often result to increase in compactness and affect physical properties such as melting point, boiling point, etc.

Type	One should be	The other
Ion-dipole	Ion (cation/anion)	Anything polar
Hydrogen bond	Something with OH, NH, or FH	Anything polar
Dipole-dipole	Anything polar	Anything polar
Dipole-induced dipole	Anything polar	Anything nonpolar
Induced dipole-induced dipole (London dispersion)	Anything nonpolar	Anything nonpolar

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Common Types of IMF (Strongest to Weakest):

• Dipole → polar

• Induced Dipole → nonpolar

London dispersion

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]
Induced dipole-induced dipole is also known as ______

Hydrogen Bond

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]
______

• Are special type of dipole-dipole; something with OH,NH, or FH

• Slightly upgraded dipole-dipole

Induced dipole- induced dipole (London dispersion)

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Classify the type of IMFA:
a. Ion-dipole

b. Hydrogen bond

c. Dipole-dipole

d. Dipole-induced dipole

d. Induced dipole- induced dipole (London dispersion)

Dipole-dipole

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Classify the type of IMFA:

a. Ion-dipole

b. Hydrogen bond

c. Dipole-dipole

d. Dipole-induced dipole

d. Induced dipole- induced dipole (London dispersion)

Hydrogen bond

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Classify the type of IMFA:

a. Ion-dipole

b. Hydrogen bond

c. Dipole-dipole

d. Dipole-induced dipole

d. Induced dipole- induced dipole (London dispersion)

Induced dipole- induced dipole (London dispersion)

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Classify the type of IMFA:

a. Ion-dipole

b. Hydrogen bond

c. Dipole-dipole

d. Dipole-induced dipole

d. Induced dipole- induced dipole (London dispersion)

Hydrogen bond

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Classify the type of IMFA:

a. Ion-dipole

b. Hydrogen bond

c. Dipole-dipole

d. Dipole-induced dipole

d. Induced dipole- induced dipole (London dispersion)

Induced dipole- induced dipole (London dispersion)

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Classify the type of IMFA:

a. Ion-dipole

b. Hydrogen bond

c. Dipole-dipole

d. Dipole-induced dipole

d. Induced dipole- induced dipole (London dispersion)

Dipole-dipole

NOTE: The moment that you have a chemical bond, it is not anymore a charged ion but a dipole

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Classify the type of IMFA:

a. Ion-dipole

b. Hydrogen bond

c. Dipole-dipole

d. Dipole-induced dipole

d. Induced dipole- induced dipole (London dispersion)

Dipole-induced dipole

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Classify the type of IMFA:

a. Ion-dipole

b. Hydrogen bond

c. Dipole-dipole

d. Dipole-induced dipole

d. Induced dipole- induced dipole (London dispersion)

Hydrogen bond

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Classify the type of IMFA:

a. Ion-dipole

b. Hydrogen bond

c. Dipole-dipole

d. Dipole-induced dipole

d. Induced dipole- induced dipole (London dispersion)

Dipole-dipole

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Classify the type of IMFA:

a. Ion-dipole

b. Hydrogen bond

c. Dipole-dipole

d. Dipole-induced dipole

d. Induced dipole- induced dipole (London dispersion)

Ion-dipole

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Classify the type of IMFA:

a. Ion-dipole

b. Hydrogen bond

c. Dipole-dipole

d. Dipole-induced dipole

d. Induced dipole- induced dipole (London dispersion)