APWH Strayer Chapter 8

steam engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery.

textile industry

Industries primarily concerned with the design or manufacture of clothing as well as the distribution and use of textiles.

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations, a precursor to modern Capitalism. He explains his ideology with technological, economic, etc. perspectives, avoiding religion and seeing economics as a system and academic discipline.

John Stuart Mill

English philosopher and economist remembered for his interpretations of empiricism and utilitarianism (1806-1873). He advocated political and social reforms such as proportional representation, emancipation of women, and the development of labor organizations and farm cooperatives.

ideology of domesticity

A set of ideas and values that defined the ideal role of middle-class women in nineteenth-century Europe, focusing their activity on homemaking, child rearing, charitable endeavors, and "refined" activities as the proper sphere for women.

Luddites

Any of a group of British workers who between 1811 and 1816 rioted and destroyed laborsaving textile machinery in the belief that such machinery would diminish employment. Now used to refer to anyone who dislikes the progression of technology.

Robert Owen

(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed. He strove to improve factory working conditions, promoted experimental socialistic communities, sought a more collective approach to child-rearing, and 'believed in lifelong education'.

Karl Marx

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

Labour Party

British working-class political party established in the 1890s and dedicated to reforms and a peaceful transition to socialism, in time providing a viable alternative to the revolutionary emphasis of Marxism.

American Federation of Labor

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

white-collar workers

category of workers employed in offices, sales, or professional positions

blue-collar workers

category of workers employed in crafts, manufacturing, and nonfarm labor

progressives

A group of reformers who worked to solve problems caused by the rapid industrial urban growth of the late 1800s.

Russian Social Democratic Labor Party

revolutionary socialist Russian political party formed to unite various revolutionary organizations into one party; later split into Bolshevik and Menshevik factions

Tsar Nicholas II

Last Tsar of Russia and then end of the Romanov line. Was executed along with the rest of his family under the order of Lenin. Was in power during Rev. of 1905, where State Duma, constitution, etc. were created.

Caudillos

Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America.

Mexican Revolution

(1910-1920 CE) Fought over a period of almost 10 years form 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

dependent development

Term used to describe Latin America's economic growth in the nineteenth century, which was largely financed by foreign capital and dependent on European and North American prosperity and decisions.