Period 1 APUSH

Eastern Woodlands Indians

Atlantic ocean → Mississippi river

Temperate climate, plenty of water and trees.

Three sister crops

Slash and burn method

Matrilineal

Poverty Point, Adena-Hopewell, Mississippean culture, Cahokia

Permanent housing

Lenape, Wampanoag, Iroquois, Shawnee, Powhatan, Cherokee

Three Sisters crops

Beans, corn, squash

Nurture and benefit eachother

Poverty Point

Louisiana, excavated cultural trading hub (Eastern Woodlands)

Adena-Hopewell people

Complex burial grounds (Eastern Woodlands)

Mississippean culture

Southern

Mound builders, Cahokia

Cahokia

Giant complex city, 20,000 people (Eastern Woodlands)

Animism

Belief that animals and natural inanimate objects have souls

Iroquois Confederacy/Great League of Peace

New York tribes banding together against the Europeans

Great Plains Indians

Mississippi → rockies

Big game hunters (Buffalo, used whole animal to show respect)

Nomadic- Tee pee’s

Blackfoot, Sioux, Pawnee, Crow, Cheyenne

Great Basin Indians

Utah and Nevada, west of rockies

Extreme climate

Pinion nuts important for survival

Nomadic, semi-permanent housing

Southwest Indians

Arizona, New Mexico, Northern Mexico

Desert, rocky soil

Used irrigation canals (Hohokam)

Maize cultivation using irrigation

Pueblo style houses, Kiva

Anasazi, Apache, Navajo, Hopi

Hohokam

100 BC

First irrigation canals, first step to farming

Southwest Indians

Kiva

Basements in Pueblo style houses, used for religious ceremonies

Chaco Canyon

Has Pueblo Bonito (massive apartment style complex)

Permanent towns

Southwest Indians

Northwest Indians

Pacific coast. Alaska → Washington state

Moderate climate

Salmon

Talented wood carvers (totem poles)

Potlatch dinners (potluck)

Permanent multi-family housing

Matrilineal ancestry

Emphasis on women, men take their name and live with their family

Bering Strait migration

People crossing over from Russia to Alaska (by walking)

Incas

Largest empire in Pre-Columbian America

Andes mountains → pacific coast of South America

Aztecs

Central Mexico from 1300 → 1512

Tenochtitlan

Reasons/motivations for European exploration

Three G’s

Gold, Glory, God

Subjugation

The act of forcing a person to obey and taking away their freedom

Portuguese exploration

Led European age of discovery but charting routes along Africa, Asia, and Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Spanish exploration

Began with Columbus in 1492, trying to conquer Americas

Christopher Columbus

Began Spanish exploration in 1492 in Caribbean while looking for India

Encomienda system

Spanish colonial system where government granted land and native people to conquistadors to ‘protect’ the natives

Plantation-based agriculture

Large scale system used by the Portuguese for sugar that required labor of enslaved Africans.

Caste system in Spanish colonies

Rigid social hierarchy made by the Spanish, most power at the top.

Mestizos

Mixed native and European decent

Mulattos

Mixed African and European decent

Chattel slavery

Enslavement of African Americans as something that can be bought and sold with no rights.

Slavery in perpetuity

Enslavement being inherited from mother to child

French colonization

Begun by Champlain’s success in Quebec, spread to Mississippi, St. Lawrence, and Ohio river valleys with emphasis on fur trading.

Northwest passage

Sea route connecting Atlantic to Pacific that French & Dutch both sought

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer for a fur trading company that founded Quebec in 1608 and believed in religious toleration

French Huguenots

French protestants who fled after the revocation of Edict of Nantes (giving them rights and religious tolerance) to the New World but not welcome in New France (catholic)

Henry Hudson

English explorer for Dutch East India Company who explored New York Harbor/Hudson river and found fur and natives to trade with.

New Netherlands

Dutch land in Americas that became NY, had free-ish religion and big trade focus

Dutch relationship with Natives

Focus on trade not conquering

Sympathized over Dutch’s fight for independence from Spain

Required settlers to pay for land from Indians

Friendly with Iroquois, conflict with Algonquian

Religious toleration with Dutch

Somewhat freedom of religion, preference to Dutch Reformed Church

Catholic missions

Goals of Europeans (spain) to spread Catholicism post-inquisition & protestant reformation to the natives to gain back followers

Pueblo Revolt/Pope’s Revolt

Uprising of New Mexican Indians led by Pope against Spanish settlers due to unfair treatment, forcing Spain to abandon and move south before reconquering more tolerantly later

Bartolome de las Casas

Dominican priest who published “A very brief account of the destruction of the Indies” to preach the injustice of Spanish law

Juan Gines de Sepulveda

Spanish philosopher in the great debate against La Casas who justified the conquest of the natives.