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What are the types of mating mechanisms in animals?
Types of mating mechanisms include monogamy, polygamy (polygyny and polyandry), and promiscuity.
What are the zones of the ocean?
The ocean is divided into intertidal, neritic, pelagic, abyssal, and benthic zones.
What are lake zones?
Lake zones include the littoral, limnetic, profundal, and benthic zones.
What is a rain shadow?
A rain shadow is a dry area on the leeward side of a mountain range, created by the mountains blocking precipitation.
Why is biodiversity important?
Biodiversity enhances ecosystem productivity, stability, and resilience, and provides essential ecosystem services.
What are the types of biodiversity?
Types of biodiversity include genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity.
What is causing biodiversity to decline?
Biodiversity is declining due to habitat destruction, climate change, pollution, invasive species, and overexploitation.
How can we conserve biodiversity?
Conservation strategies include protecting habitats, restoring ecosystems, sustainable management, and reducing pollution.
What are the types of ecosystem diversity?
Types of ecosystem diversity include terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems.
What is the greenhouse effect?
The greenhouse effect is the warming of Earth's surface due to the trapping of heat by greenhouse gases.
What is the carbon cycle?
The carbon cycle involves the movement of carbon among the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms.
What is the nitrogen cycle?
The nitrogen cycle describes the processes by which nitrogen is converted between its various chemical forms.
What are metapopulations?
Metapopulations consist of groups of populations that are separated by space but interact through migration.
What is the water cycle?
The water cycle is the process of water movement through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.
What is a grazing food chain?
A grazing food chain starts with primary producers and moves up through herbivores to carnivores.
What is a decomposer food chain?
A decomposer food chain starts with dead organic matter and involves decomposers like bacteria and fungi.
What is the biosphere?
The biosphere is the global sum of all ecosystems; it is where life exists on Earth.
What does GPP stand for, and what does it measure?
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) measures the total amount of chemical energy produced by autotrophs.
What is Net Primary Productivity (NPP)?
Net Primary Productivity (NPP) is the energy that remains after plants have used some for respiration.
What are biomes?
Biomes are large ecological areas on the Earth's surface with distinct climates, plants, and animal species.
What is the relationship between temperature, precipitation, and biomes?
Different biomes are characterized by distinct temperature and precipitation patterns, influencing their ecosystems.
What is dispersal in ecology?
Dispersal refers to the movement of individuals from one location to another, which can affect population distributions.
What are the types of succession?
Types of succession include primary succession and secondary succession.
What are the types of species interactions?
Types of species interactions include mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, predation, and competition.
What is population overshoot?
Population overshoot occurs when a population exceeds its carrying capacity, leading to resource depletion.
What is human population growth?
Human population growth refers to the increase in the number of individuals in the human population over time.
What is the mark and capture method?
Mark and capture is a technique used to estimate animal populations, calculated using the equation: N = (M x C) / R, where N is the population size, M is the number of marked individuals, C is the total recaptured individuals, and R is the number of recaptured marked individuals.
What is simple population growth?
Simple population growth follows the equation: N(t) = N(0) + rN(0)t, where N(t) is the population at time t, N(0) is the initial population, r is the growth rate, and t is time.
What is exponential growth?
Exponential growth occurs when the growth rate is constant, typically represented by the equation: dN/dt = rN.
What is logistic growth?
Logistic growth occurs when population growth slows as it reaches carrying capacity, described by the equation: dN/dt = rN(K-N)/K, where K is the carrying capacity.
What is the equation for Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)?
GPP = Total Energy produced by Autotrophs (used to measure total photosynthesis).
What is the equation for Net Primary Productivity (NPP)?
NPP = GPP - Energy used by Autotrophs for respiration (helps determine energy available for consumers).
What is the equation for simple population growth?
N(t) = N(0) + rN(0)t (calculates population size over time with a constant growth rate).
What is the equation for exponential growth?
dN/dt = rN (models population growth that occurs without limitations).
What is the equation for logistic growth?
dN/dt = rN(K-N)/K (describes population growth considering carrying capacity limitations).
What is the equation for Metapopulation dynamics?
dp/dt = cp(1 - p) - mp (models changes in occupancy of patches within a metapopulation).
What is the equation for the carbon cycle in ecosystems?
C_in = C_out + ΔC (models carbon input and output in ecosystems, with Delta being the change over time).
What is the equation for calculating carrying capacity (K)?
K = rN/(r + m) (estimates the maximum population size that the environment can sustain).
What is the equation for the amount of energy transferred between trophic levels?
E_out = E_in x Efficiency (calculates energy transfer efficiency between producers and consumers).
What is the equation for consumption efficiency?
CE = (Consumption / Production) x 100 (measures the efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels).
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