Sampling Techniques Vocabulary

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and definitions related to probability and non-probability sampling techniques discussed in the lecture.

Sampling Technique

The method used to draw a sample from a population.

Random Sampling

A sampling approach in which every element of the population has an equal chance of being selected (fair sampling).

Non-Random Sampling

A sampling approach in which elements are selected based on the researcher’s judgment, producing potential bias.

Simple Random Sampling

A probability method where each population member is chosen purely by chance, often via a lottery or random‐number table.

Lottery Method / Fish-Bowl Technique

Simple random procedure that places names or codes in a container and draws them blindly to form the sample.

Table of Random Numbers

A pre-generated list of digits used to select sample units randomly without personal bias.

Systematic Random Sampling

Probability method that selects a random starting point and every k-th element thereafter from an ordered list.

Sampling Interval (k)

The fixed gap between selected units in systematic sampling, calculated as Population size (N) ÷ Sample size (n).

Stratified Random Sampling

Probability method that divides the population into homogeneous subgroups (strata) and samples from each stratum.

Stratum (plural: Strata)

A subgroup of the population whose members share a specific characteristic used in stratified sampling.

Cluster Sampling

Probability method in which entire, naturally occurring groups (clusters) are randomly chosen and all members within selected clusters are studied.

Multistage Sampling

A complex design that combines two or more sampling methods in successive stages, useful for very large or geographically dispersed populations.

Margin of Error (e)

The maximum expected difference between the true population parameter and a sample estimate, guiding sample-size calculations.

Convenience Sampling

Non-probability method that selects the most easily accessible participants (e.g., friends, classmates, online polls).

Quota Sampling

Non-probability method where the researcher fills predetermined quotas for specific subgroups but chooses respondents non-randomly within each quota.

Purposive (Judgmental) Sampling

Non-probability method that deliberately selects participants who meet predefined criteria relevant to the study purpose.

Snowball Sampling

Non-probability technique in which initial participants recruit additional participants, expanding the sample through social networks.

Probability Sampling

Any sampling design that gives each population element a known, non-zero chance of selection (e.g., simple random, systematic, stratified, cluster).

Non-Probability Sampling

Any sampling design in which selection probabilities are unknown and subject to researcher bias (e.g., convenience, quota, purposive, snowball).

Fair Sampling

Informal term for sampling designs, such as random techniques, that aim to produce representative, unbiased samples.

Bias Sampling

Informal term for sampling approaches that systematically favor certain elements, often associated with non-random methods.

Skipping Pattern

The fixed step (k) used in systematic sampling to choose every k-th unit after a random start.

Sampling Frame

The complete list or source material from which a sample is actually drawn.

Survey Sampling Methods

General term encompassing both probability and non-probability techniques used to select participants for surveys.