AP1 portage

six levels of organization of the body?

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organs, organ structure, organisms levels

What is the necessary function of life that protects our internal environment from our external environment is provided by what system?

Integumentary system

The function of movement is provided by what system?

Muscular system

The function of responsiveness is provided by what system?

Nervous system

The function of digestion is provided by what system?

Digestive system

What is anabolism

Making more complex cellular structure from simpler ones (BUILDING)

What is catabolism

The breakdown of complex cellular structures into simpler ones (BREAKING)

Excretions involve which systems?

Respiratory, digestive, urinary system

The reproductive system is controlled by what other system?

Endocrine system

Which tissue covers the body surfaces and lines the cavities of the body?

Epithelium

Name the three steps of cellular respiration

Citric Acid cycle, Glycolysis, Electron transport system

Epithelial cells

-absorption and secretion

-under constant division to replace dead cells and shed

What are the four basic tissues types?

Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, Muscle

What are the major body systems?

Muscular, skeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, nervous, integumentary, reproductive, lymphatic, endocrine

TOWARDS or at the body surface is what direction?

Superficial

AWAY from the body surface is what direction?

Deep

Between a more medial and more lateral structure is what orientation?

Intermediate

Towards or at the midline of the body or on the inner side of is what direction?

Medial

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body is what direction?

Inferior

Towards the head end or upper part of a structure ABOVE is what direction?

Superior

Towards or at the front of the body is what direction?

Anterior

Is the knee proximal or distal to the pelvis?

Distal

Is the elbow proximal or distal to the hand?

Proximal

Towards or at the back of the body is what direction?

Posterior or dorsal

Closing of a joint is what action?

Flexation

Opening of a joint is what action?

Extension— arm in the R arrow going down/out

In anatomical positions are the hands in pronation or supination?

Supination

Why are the hands in this position #28

The ulna and radius bones are uncrossed

Elevation

Movement in upwards direction

Depression

Movement in a downward direction

Retraction

Movement in posterior (TOWARDS BEHIND) direction

Protraction

Movement in anterior (TOWARDS FRONT OF BODY) direction

A person standing in anatomical position moves their right wrist laterally towards the radius (OUTSIDE bone) what is this action called?

radial deviation

This body division includes the head, neck, and trunk

Axial division

This is a vertical plane that divides the body into left and right parts

Sagittal plane

These planes lies vertically and divide the body into anterior and posterior parts

Frontal plane- coronal plane

These planes divide the superior and inferior parts

Transverse plane

These sections are made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes

Oblique

This body cavity protects the nervous system

Dorsal cavity

This body cavity encases the brain

Cranial cavity

This body cavity encases the spinal cord

Spinal cavity

The ventral body cavity is divided into these two cavities

Abdominopelvic cavity and thoracic cavity

This cavity enclose the heart

Pericardial cavity

The outer surfaces of the organs and body cavities are covered by this double layered membrane called the

Serosa

Pleurisy?

inflammation of pleura

The abdominopelvic region is divided into what four quadrants

RU, RL, LU, LL

This regional surrounds the naval- belly button

umbilical region

This region houses the pelvis

Iliac

This cavity houses the teeth and tongue

oral cavity

This cavity houses the eyes

Orbital cavity

Joints are lines with what?

Synovial fluid

This cavity contains the tiny ear bones

-Middle ear: Malleus, incus, and stapes

Explain why active metabolizing cells need to be relatively small

Cells need to remain small so their volume to surface area stays larger, so the metabolic processes occur faster

Three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic cells are much smaller, do not contain DNA in a nuclear membrane and do not have membrane bound organelles

Explain function of the nucleus

Contains DNA and is the control center of the cell

Explain the function of the ribosomes

Tiny manufacturing plants that assemble proteins

Explain the function of the smooth ER

Synthesizing lipids

Explain the function of the rough ER

Modifies and transports proteins derived from the ribosomes

Explain the function of RNA

Takes the coded amino acids sequences from nucleus to ribosomes for protein synthesis

Explain the function of the endospore

Dormant and durable cell produced by bacteria

Explain the function of the Golgi Complex

responsible for receiving proteins and lipids synthesized by the ER, altering their structure and shipping them to other parts of the cell

Explain the function of the lysosomes

possess digestive enzymes which break down biomacromolecules

Explain the function of the mitochondria

Converts chemical energy (glucose) into usable energy (ATP)

Explain the function of the plasma membrane

Contains specialized pumps and gates to control the material goes in and out of the cell

Explains the function of microtubules

Hallow and anchored to MTOC

Explain the function of microfilaments

Solid and create movements

Explain the functions of extracellular matrix

Contains collagen fibers

Describe aerobic respiration and the purpose of ATP production

Eukaryotic cells require mitochondria to convert the chemical energy found in food (glucose) into ATP. This process is called aerobic respira!on. During cellular respira!on oxygen is required to break down food. Carbon dioxide, water and ATP are produced

What happens in Tay-Saches disease

One of the normally presents digestive enzymes inside lysosomes is lacking, and a toxic lipid in the brain cell cannot be broken down. The resulting buildup of lipids in these cells can cause intellectual disability and death

Diffusion

Diffusion: small molecules move across the membrane from area of high concentration to area of low concentration. This continues until molecules are equally distributed on each side of the membrane.

Facilitated diffusion: involved diffusion of lipid-insoluble molecules across a membrane. integral protein specific for a certain molecule will bind and release it onto the other side

Active Transport

occurs when molecules or ions are pumped from an area of LOW concentration to one of greater concentration (against the concentration gradient). Because they don't naturally want to move this way, additional energy and carrier proteins are required.

Endocytosis

three types: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis.

phagocytosis: used for extremely large objects, once cell is in vesicle, it fuses with lysosome and is digested.

pinocytosis: tiny droplets of fluid. the membrane pinches inward without needing to extend pseudopods to ingest material.

receptor-mediated endocytosis: transferring information from one cell to another. a receptor protein binds with a signaling molecule sent from another cell. the receptor protein must transfer the signal across the membrane. changes shape and shape of surround proteins to do so.

Isotonic

equal amounts of solute on either side of the membrane

Hypertonic

more concentrated solute outside of the membrane vs inside, causing the cell to shrink

Hypotonic

more concentrated solute on the inside of the membrane that the outside, causing it to burst

Cholesterol

Controls temperature within the cell membrane