NSG 101: LAB Theorys

What angle is intradermal injections given?

15 degrees

Where are intradermal injections given?

Given on the forearm or the upper back.

How much medication be given via intradermal injections

0.1 mL

What gauge needled is used for an intradermal injection?

26-28 gauge

What size needle is used for subcutaneous injections?

½ -5/8 inches

Where are subcutaneous injections given?

Given in fatty areas of the body that include, abdomen, thigh, and upper arm.

What angle are subcutaneous injections given

45-90 degrees

True or False: Subcutaneous injections absorb at a slower rate than IM injections?

True, they have a lower bloody supply

Is medication more evenly absorbed through the abdomen, thighs, or the buttocks

The abdomen

True or False: repeated injections should be at least an inch apart

true

What sites are usually used for an IM injection?

Deltoid, ventrogluteal, and vastus lateralis.

What size needle and mL’s can be used for the Ventrogluteal?

1 ½ - 3 inch needle and 3 mL is max for area

What size needle and mL’s can be used for the deltoid?

1- 1 ½ inch needle and 1 mL max

True or False: Can young children get IM injections in their deltoid

False; they need to be more developed

What size needle and mL’s can be used for the Vastus lateralis?

1 ½ -3 and 3-5 mL is max

What is hypoxemia?

Low o2 levels within the blood

What is hypoxia?

Low O2 within the tissues

What is Tidal volume? What is the average?

air inhaled and exhalated during each breath, 400-500mL is normal

What is inspiratory pressue?

Pressure in the lungs during inhalation

What is expiratory pressue?

amount of air left in the lungs after exhalation

What is the % of O2 in room air?

21%

2L of O2 through nasal cannula is?

28% O2

What intervention would help fix CO2 levels?

Bipap

What is a CPAP?

A steady pressure that keeps the air ways open

What is a BIPAP

Different air pressures that reduces effort of exhalation

If a client is receiving biPap therapy, what are some assessment findings the nurse would expect to see?

Capillary refill, mental assessment, blood gas, improved respiratory assessment

What lung sound indicates an emergency?

Stridor

If a pt is having trouble breathing, what is the first move?

Put pt in a semi to high fowlers position

What scale is used to measure pressure injuries

Braden scale

What factors contribute to a pressure injury?

Pressure, moisture, friction, and shear

Describe a stage 1 pressure injury:

Has Non blanchable redness to area, may be painful, or warm. Discoloration was last longer than 30 mins

Describe a stage 2 pressure injury

involves partial-thickness loss of the dermis

No slough

Injury is open but shallow

Describe a stage 3 pressure injury

Full- thickness skin loss

Deep crater

Adipose tissue is exposed

No slough or eschar present

Describe a stage 4 pressure injury

Full- thickness skin loss

Muscle is exposed with damage

Slough and eschar are present

Bone or tendon may also be exposed

What is a Deep tissue injury (DTI)

Skin is intact but there is discoloration

What is an unstageable pressure injury

Full-thickness skin loss

Cant tell what stage it is because there is so much skin loss

True or False: You dont need to calibrate and perform controls on a glucose meter

False

True or False: Tube feed needs to be checked with the glucose meter every 6 hours

True

When is glucose usually measured?

Before meals and at bedtime

What does calibrating mean

Sets the meter to 0 or gives it a reset

What does a control do?

Makes sure the meter is reading correctly

What is the average glucose goal for adults? What about for someone with no diabetes

80- 130 fasting

Less than 100 for no diabetes

What are critical glucose values?

Less than 40 or higher than 400

True or False: If you get a critical reading for glucose, you need to redraw

True

What is the rule of 15?

If a pt has a reading lower than 70 then, drink 15g of carbohydrates and then wait 15 minutes

If pt still remains less than 70 then do it again

What are examples of 15 grams of carbohydrates

4 oz of juice

3-4 glucose tablets

1 tbs of honey

100-125 fasting is what?

Pre-diabetes

125+ fasting is what

Diabetes

What is medical asepsis?

Clean technique

Controls microorganisms

Basic hand hygiene

What is surgical asepsis?

Sterile technique

Absence of microorganisms

Surgical scrub is used

Steps to don PPE

1. Hand hygiene

2. Gown

3. Mask

4. Eye protection

5. Gloves

Steps to doff PPE:

1. Remove gloves

2. Remove gown

3. Hand hygiene

4. Remove eye protection

5. Remove mask

6. Hand hygiene

What does serous drainage color look like

Clear and normal

What does sanguineous drainage color look like?

Red, bloody and fresh

What does serosanguinous drainage look like?

Pink

What does purulent drainage look like

Yellow and pus. Infection

Why are enemas used?

To clear the colon, treat constipation, treat fecal impaction, and give medications

What is a cleansing enema?

Used to treat severe constipation, clear colon for procedure or clear colon for bowel training

Return flow enema?

Used to expel and flatus (fart)

What is a retention enema? and give 2 examples

Given to be retained for a longer period of time

Ex. Medicated and Nutritive

True or False: Pt should be on the left side when giving an enema

True

True or false: Enema solution needs to be room temperature

True; if solution is cold then it can cause cramping

What is a stimulant laxative? Examples?

Stimulates the intestines to contract and push out stool

Ex. castor oil and aloe vera

What is an osmotic laxative? Examples?

Draws in water to soften stool to make it easier to push out

ex. Lactulose and polyethylene glucose

What is a bulk forming laxative? Examples?

Makes stool bulkier to make the large intestines to contract

Ex. dietary fiber and methylcellulose

What are stool softeners and examples?

They make stool softer by adding some water

ex. Docusate sodium or calcium

What are lubricants and example?

Coats the surface of the stool

ex. Mineral

What are prokinetic agents?

stimulate contractions

What 2 things cause cramping during an enema?

Cold and height

True or False: You need to use sterile technique to insert a catheter

True

How far do you insert a catheter for a male?

To the Y

True or False: Keep the cath bag below the bladder

True

Should you stop if you receive resistance ?

Yes

How far do you insert a cath on a female?

Til you get urine return

How often do you empty the collection bag of a cath?

Every 8 hours

What is an IV push (bolus)

When medications are injected into the vein

True or False: IV tubing does not need to be initialed and dated

False

Infection comes with what?

Fever

Phlebitis comes with?

Red line

Infiltration comes with?

Swollen

Extravasation comes with?

Buring pain

Hematoma comes with?

Dark spots/ brusing

Air embolism is?

Fatal

When removing an IV you pull it out which way?

Same direction it was inserted