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Vocabulary flashcards covering plant tissues, phases of cell division, and gametogenesis in plants and animals.
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Xylem
Vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved minerals; typically larger in diameter than phloem vessels.
Phloem
Vascular tissue that transports photosynthetic products (sugars) from source to sink within a plant.
Meristem
Regions of actively dividing plant cells responsible for growth.
Promeristem / Apical Meristem
Primary meristem located at the tips of roots and shoots, driving primary (lengthwise) growth.
Intercalary Meristem
Meristem found in mature, elongated tissues (e.g., grass internodes) that allows regrowth in such regions.
Primary Meristem
Meristematic tissue active in plants undergoing primary growth.
Secondary Meristem (Cambium) / Lateral Meristem
Meristem that enables secondary (thickness) growth, producing vascular cambium and cork cambium.
Permanent Tissue
Plant tissue whose cells have stopped dividing and are specialized for specific functions.
Epidermis
Outermost protective layer of cells in plants; may bear stomata and trichomes.
Cork (Phellem)
Protective outer tissue formed by the cork cambium; part of the periderm.
Parenchyma
Fundamental, versatile ground tissue involved in storage, photosynthesis, and healing.
Supporting Tissue
Mechanical strengthening tissue; includes collenchyma and sclerenchyma.
Collenchyma
Living supporting tissue with unevenly thickened cell walls, providing flexible support.
Sclerenchyma
Dead supporting tissue with thick, lignified walls; provides rigid strength (fibers and sclereids).
Conducting Tissue
Collective term for xylem and phloem, which transport fluids and nutrients.
Interphase
Longest part of the cell cycle; cell prepares for division through growth and DNA replication.
G1 Phase (Gap 1)
First interphase stage devoted to cell growth and normal metabolism.
S Phase (Synthesis)
Interphase stage in which DNA replication occurs.
G2 Phase (Gap 2)
Second interphase growth phase; cell synthesizes proteins needed for mitosis.
Mitosis
Nuclear division producing two genetically identical (2n) somatic cells.
Prophase (Mitosis)
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes; nuclear envelope disintegrates.
Metaphase (Mitosis)
Chromosomes align along the cell equator; spindle fibers attach to centromeres.
Anaphase (Mitosis)
Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles; cleavage furrow begins forming.
Telophase (Mitosis)
Nuclear envelopes re-form; chromosomes decondense back into chromatin.
Meiosis
Two-step cell division producing four non-identical haploid (n) gametes.
Prophase I
Complex first meiotic prophase subdivided into leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, diakinesis.
Leptotene
Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes in Prophase I.
Zygotene
Homologous chromosomes pair (synapsis) in Prophase I.
Pachytene
Duplicated homologs form tetrads in Prophase I.
Diplotene
Crossing-over (genetic exchange) becomes visible in Prophase I.
Diakinesis
Nuclear envelope breaks down; chromosomes fully condensed at end of Prophase I.
Metaphase I
Paired homologous chromosomes align at the equatorial plate.
Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes (not chromatids) separate to opposite poles.
Telophase I
Two haploid nuclei form after the first meiotic division.
Prophase II
Chromosomes recondense; spindle reforms for second meiotic division.
Metaphase II
Chromosomes align singly at the equator in meiosis II.
Anaphase II
Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles (similar to mitotic anaphase).
Spermatogenesis
Process in testes producing motile spermatozoa from diploid germ cells.
Spermatogonium
Diploid germ cell that undergoes mitosis to begin spermatogenesis.
Primary Spermatocyte
Diploid cell entering Meiosis I to form secondary spermatocytes.
Secondary Spermatocyte
Haploid cell produced after Meiosis I; undergoes Meiosis II to form spermatids.
Spermatid
Immature haploid gamete that differentiates into sperm during spermiogenesis.
Spermiogenesis
Morphological transformation of spermatids into mature spermatozoa.
Oogenesis
Process in ovaries producing a single ovum and polar bodies from diploid germ cells.
Oogonium
Diploid germ cell that undergoes mitosis to form a primary oocyte.
Primary Oocyte
Diploid cell halted in prophase I until ovulation; completes Meiosis I to form a secondary oocyte and first polar body.
Secondary Oocyte
Haploid cell that completes Meiosis II upon fertilization, yielding the ovum and a second polar body.
Polar Body
Small haploid cell produced during oogenesis that typically degenerates.
Ovum
Mature female gamete capable of being fertilized.
Microsporogenesis
Formation of microspores (pollen grains) from diploid microsporocytes in anthers.
Microsporocyte
Diploid pollen mother cell undergoing meiosis to produce a tetrad of haploid microspores.
Microspore Tetrad
Four haploid microspores formed after meiosis in microsporogenesis.
Generative Nucleus
Nucleus in a pollen grain that divides to produce two sperm nuclei.
Vegetative Nucleus
Nucleus that controls pollen tube growth.
Megasporogenesis
Formation of megaspores within the ovule from diploid megasporocytes.
Megasporocyte
Diploid cell undergoing meiosis to generate four megaspores, of which one survives.
Megaspore
Surviving haploid product of megasporogenesis that develops into the embryo sac.
Antipodal Cells
Three haploid cells at the chalazal end of the embryo sac.
Polar Nuclei (Central Cell)
Two nuclei in the embryo sac that fuse and later participate in forming the triploid endosperm.
Synergid Cells
Two haploid cells flanking the egg cell; guide the pollen tube to the ovum.
Double Fertilization
In flowering plants, one sperm fuses with the egg to form a diploid zygote while the other fuses with the polar nuclei to form a triploid endosperm.
Zygote (2n)
Diploid cell formed after fusion of sperm nucleus with ovum.
Endosperm (3n)
Triploid nutritive tissue formed by fusion of a sperm nucleus with the two polar nuclei in the embryo sac.