Plant & Animal Biology: Tissues, Cell Division, and Gametogenesis

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Vocabulary flashcards covering plant tissues, phases of cell division, and gametogenesis in plants and animals.

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63 Terms

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Xylem

Vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved minerals; typically larger in diameter than phloem vessels.

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Phloem

Vascular tissue that transports photosynthetic products (sugars) from source to sink within a plant.

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Meristem

Regions of actively dividing plant cells responsible for growth.

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Promeristem / Apical Meristem

Primary meristem located at the tips of roots and shoots, driving primary (lengthwise) growth.

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Intercalary Meristem

Meristem found in mature, elongated tissues (e.g., grass internodes) that allows regrowth in such regions.

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Primary Meristem

Meristematic tissue active in plants undergoing primary growth.

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Secondary Meristem (Cambium) / Lateral Meristem

Meristem that enables secondary (thickness) growth, producing vascular cambium and cork cambium.

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Permanent Tissue

Plant tissue whose cells have stopped dividing and are specialized for specific functions.

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Epidermis

Outermost protective layer of cells in plants; may bear stomata and trichomes.

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Cork (Phellem)

Protective outer tissue formed by the cork cambium; part of the periderm.

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Parenchyma

Fundamental, versatile ground tissue involved in storage, photosynthesis, and healing.

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Supporting Tissue

Mechanical strengthening tissue; includes collenchyma and sclerenchyma.

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Collenchyma

Living supporting tissue with unevenly thickened cell walls, providing flexible support.

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Sclerenchyma

Dead supporting tissue with thick, lignified walls; provides rigid strength (fibers and sclereids).

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Conducting Tissue

Collective term for xylem and phloem, which transport fluids and nutrients.

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Interphase

Longest part of the cell cycle; cell prepares for division through growth and DNA replication.

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G1 Phase (Gap 1)

First interphase stage devoted to cell growth and normal metabolism.

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S Phase (Synthesis)

Interphase stage in which DNA replication occurs.

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G2 Phase (Gap 2)

Second interphase growth phase; cell synthesizes proteins needed for mitosis.

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Mitosis

Nuclear division producing two genetically identical (2n) somatic cells.

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Prophase (Mitosis)

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes; nuclear envelope disintegrates.

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Metaphase (Mitosis)

Chromosomes align along the cell equator; spindle fibers attach to centromeres.

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Anaphase (Mitosis)

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles; cleavage furrow begins forming.

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Telophase (Mitosis)

Nuclear envelopes re-form; chromosomes decondense back into chromatin.

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Meiosis

Two-step cell division producing four non-identical haploid (n) gametes.

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Prophase I

Complex first meiotic prophase subdivided into leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, diakinesis.

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Leptotene

Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes in Prophase I.

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Zygotene

Homologous chromosomes pair (synapsis) in Prophase I.

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Pachytene

Duplicated homologs form tetrads in Prophase I.

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Diplotene

Crossing-over (genetic exchange) becomes visible in Prophase I.

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Diakinesis

Nuclear envelope breaks down; chromosomes fully condensed at end of Prophase I.

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Metaphase I

Paired homologous chromosomes align at the equatorial plate.

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Anaphase I

Homologous chromosomes (not chromatids) separate to opposite poles.

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Telophase I

Two haploid nuclei form after the first meiotic division.

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Prophase II

Chromosomes recondense; spindle reforms for second meiotic division.

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Metaphase II

Chromosomes align singly at the equator in meiosis II.

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Anaphase II

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles (similar to mitotic anaphase).

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Spermatogenesis

Process in testes producing motile spermatozoa from diploid germ cells.

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Spermatogonium

Diploid germ cell that undergoes mitosis to begin spermatogenesis.

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Primary Spermatocyte

Diploid cell entering Meiosis I to form secondary spermatocytes.

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Secondary Spermatocyte

Haploid cell produced after Meiosis I; undergoes Meiosis II to form spermatids.

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Spermatid

Immature haploid gamete that differentiates into sperm during spermiogenesis.

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Spermiogenesis

Morphological transformation of spermatids into mature spermatozoa.

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Oogenesis

Process in ovaries producing a single ovum and polar bodies from diploid germ cells.

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Oogonium

Diploid germ cell that undergoes mitosis to form a primary oocyte.

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Primary Oocyte

Diploid cell halted in prophase I until ovulation; completes Meiosis I to form a secondary oocyte and first polar body.

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Secondary Oocyte

Haploid cell that completes Meiosis II upon fertilization, yielding the ovum and a second polar body.

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Polar Body

Small haploid cell produced during oogenesis that typically degenerates.

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Ovum

Mature female gamete capable of being fertilized.

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Microsporogenesis

Formation of microspores (pollen grains) from diploid microsporocytes in anthers.

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Microsporocyte

Diploid pollen mother cell undergoing meiosis to produce a tetrad of haploid microspores.

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Microspore Tetrad

Four haploid microspores formed after meiosis in microsporogenesis.

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Generative Nucleus

Nucleus in a pollen grain that divides to produce two sperm nuclei.

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Vegetative Nucleus

Nucleus that controls pollen tube growth.

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Megasporogenesis

Formation of megaspores within the ovule from diploid megasporocytes.

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Megasporocyte

Diploid cell undergoing meiosis to generate four megaspores, of which one survives.

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Megaspore

Surviving haploid product of megasporogenesis that develops into the embryo sac.

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Antipodal Cells

Three haploid cells at the chalazal end of the embryo sac.

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Polar Nuclei (Central Cell)

Two nuclei in the embryo sac that fuse and later participate in forming the triploid endosperm.

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Synergid Cells

Two haploid cells flanking the egg cell; guide the pollen tube to the ovum.

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Double Fertilization

In flowering plants, one sperm fuses with the egg to form a diploid zygote while the other fuses with the polar nuclei to form a triploid endosperm.

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Zygote (2n)

Diploid cell formed after fusion of sperm nucleus with ovum.

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Endosperm (3n)

Triploid nutritive tissue formed by fusion of a sperm nucleus with the two polar nuclei in the embryo sac.