Foot Pt 1 + Osteology (Week 8)

Talocrural

Dorsiflexion/plantarflexion occur at the __ joint (ankle)

Tarsal, subtalar

Inversion/eversion occurs within the foot at the transverse __ and __ joints

2, second

The axis of abduction/adduction passes through digit _ of the foot → Therefore only the __ toe can abduct

Tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Divisions of the foot is done by __ (hindfoot), __ (midfoot), and __ (forefoot)

Talus, calcaneus, sustentaculum tali, navicular, cuboid, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform

Grey / yellow / black ring / red / pink / blue / orange / green of the tarsals

Base, shaft, head, 1-5

Orange / shaft / blue / # order from medial (big toe) to lateral of metatarsals

Proximal, intermediate, distal

Blue / red / yellow of phalanges

Hallux, 2

The __ (big toe) only has _ phalanges - exception

Ankle joint, talus, medial malleolus, lateral malleolus

Yellow / blue / red / green of talocrural joint

Hinge, dorsi, plantar

The talocrural joint is a __ joint between the talus and leg (crus) cushioned by the malleoli

• Permits __flexion and __flexion

Medial deltoid ligament, 4, eversion

The __ __ __ is a series of _ ligaments attaching the medial malleolus to talus / calcaneus / navicular

• Strong and limits foot __ (action)

Lateral collateral ligaments, 3, inversion

The __ __ __ is a series of _ ligaments attaching the lateral malleolus to talus / calcaneus

• Weak and limits foot __ (action)

Stretching, tearing, inversion, range, lateral

Ankle sprains involve __ or __ of foot ligaments

• __ injuries are more common (80%)

• As there is a greater __ of motion and relative weakness of __ ligaments

Anterior talofibular, eversion, deltoid

Ankle sprains

• The __ __ ligament is most commonly injured, usually from inversion injuries

• __ injuries are less common but result in damage to the __ ligaments

Bimalleolar, eversion, rotational, weightbearing, surgery

In a __ fracture, both the medial and lateral malleoli are fractured

• 60% of these due to __ or __ trauma to ligaments

• Sx - Highly unstable, difficulty for __

• Require __ to pin/screw pieces together

Subtalar, talus, calcaneus

Intertarsal Joints

The __ joint is main joint for inversion/eversion

• Located between __ and __ bones

• (Blue)

Transverse tarsal, assists

Intertarsal Joints

The __ __ joint __ in inversion/eversion

• Located between talus and navicular + calcaneus and cuboid bones

• (Yellow)

3, springs, impact, ground

There are _ arches within the foot that act as __ during locomotion, dampen __ forces, and adapt foot’s shape to the __

Pes planus, fallen

__ __ is a condition resulting in foot pain, eversion injuries, and pain in structures compensating for altered gait

• aka flat feet from a __ arch

Bone, ligaments, muscles

__ shapes form the foot arches, __ add passive support to arches, and __ support the arches dynamically

(Ligaments/bone/muscles)

calcaneonavicular, sustentaculum, longitudinal, talus

The plantar ___ (long name) ligament connects the __ tali of calcaneus to the navicular bone

• Strongest supporter of the medial __ arch

• Supports the __ bone as the “spring ligament”

Long, calcaneus, cuboid, 4 metatarsal, supports, fibularis

The __ plantar ligament connects the __ to __ bone and lateral _ (#) __ bases

• __ longitudinal arches

• Creates tunnel for tendon of __ longus

Short, calcaneus, cuboid, maintain

The __ plantar ligament connects the __ to __ bone

• Helps __ longitudinal arches

Plantar aponeurosis, calcaneus, metatarsal, supports, dorsiflexion

The __ __ forms from thickening of deep fascia of the foot centrally

• Attaches __ to the __ heads

• __ longitudinal arches

• __ (action) of the toes tenses this tendon, where less foot flexibility leads to more efficient propulsion

Fibularis, tibialis, transverse, posterior

Tendons of the __ longus and __ posterior insert onto the plantar surface of the foot

• Muscle tension provides support of the __ arch

• Injury of tibialis __ can overload the spring ligament, resulting in collapsed arches

Dorsal Compartment

• Digit extensors

• Deep fibular nerve

Lateral Compartment

• Digit 5 muscle

• Lateral plantar artery and nerve

Central Compartment

• Digit flexors and adductors

• Medial and lateral plantar nerves and arteries

Medial Compartment

• Hallux muscle (big toe)

• Medial plantar artery and nerve

Red, purple, yellow, blue

4 Layers of the Foot

Layer 1 / Layer 2 / Layer 3 / Layer 4

Answer in colors

Calcaneal tuberosity

Proximal attachment of abductor hallucis (1)

1st proximal phalanx

Distal attachment of abductor hallucis is the medial base of the __ __ __

Medial plantar nerve

Innervation of abductor hallucis (1)

Abducts digit 1, flexes digit 1

Actions of abductor hallucis (2)

1st proximal phalanx

Distal attachment of flexor hallucis brevis is the base of the __ __ __

Medial plantar nerve

Innervation of flexor hallucis brevis (1)

Flexes digit 1

Actions of flexor hallucis brevis (1)

Posterior, distal, 1, flexion

Tendon of flexor hallucis longus goes from __ leg to tarsal tunnel to __ aspect of phalanx of digit _

• Actions is __ of this digit

Calcaneal tuberosity

Proximal attachment of abductor digiti minimi (1)

5th proximal phalanx, 5th metatarsal

Distal attachment of abductor digiti minimi (2) are the

lateral base of the __ __ __ and the base of the __ __

Lateral plantar nerve

Innervation of abductor digiti minimi (1)

Abducts digit 5, flexes digit 5

Actions of abductor digiti minimi (2)

5th proximal phalanx

Distal attachment of flexor digiti minimi brevis (1) is the base of the __ __ __

Lateral plantar nerve

Innervation of flexor digiti minimi brevis (1)

Flexes digit 5

Actions of flexor digiti minimi brevis (1)

Calcaneal tuberosity

Proximal attachment of flexor digitorum brevis (1)

Intermediate phalanges

Distal attachment of flexor digitorum brevis (1) are __ __ of digits 2-5

Medial plantar nerve

Innervation of flexor digitorum brevis (1)

Flexion of lateral 4 digits

Actions of flexor digitorum brevis (1)

Posterior, distal, 2-5, flexion

Tendon of flexor digitorum longus goes from __ leg to tarsal tunnel to __ aspect of phalanges of digit _

• Actions is __ of these lateral digits

• Tendons pass thru the split in flexor digitorum brevis tendons

Calcaneal tuberosity

Proximal attachment of quadratus plantae (1)

Flexor digitorum longus

Distal attachment of quadratus plantae (1) is the tendon of __ __ __

Lateral plantar nerve

Innervation of quadratus plantae (1)

pull of flexor, posterior

Actions of quadratus plantae is redirecting and increasing __ of __ digitorum longus

• Also allows for __ digit flexion

Digitorum longus

Proximal attachment of lumbricals is the tendons of __ __

Extensor expansions

Distal attachment of lumbricals is medial aspect of respective __ __

Medial plantar, lateral plantar

Innervations of lumbricals (2)

• 1st lumbrical - __ __ nerve

• Lumbricals 2-4 - __ __ nerve

Flexion, 2-5, extension, 2-5

Actions of lumbricals (2)

• __ of MTP joints of digits _-_

• __ of PIP/DIP joints of digits _-_