KQ1- Quest for political stability (Detailed)

When did Charles I become king?

1625

Who did Charles marry?

Henrietta Maria, French Catholic Princess

Why was the marriage problematic?

She was a catholic so it lead to religious fear

What economic action did parliament make that created a bad relationship between the king and parliament from the beginning?

Refused tonnage and poundage for life, only gave him 1 year worth of funds

(shows increased parliamentary power and an attack on his prerogative)

When was the Petition of Right?

1628

What did the petition of right state?

- No Taxation without parliaments consent

- No imprisonment without cause

- No billeting of soldiers

- No martial law in peace time

Why did Charles accept it?

He wouldn't get money without signing it, He was basically forced to by parliament

When did Charles dissolve parliament?

1629

When was his personal rule?

1629-1640

How did he raise money during this period?

- Ship Money

- Monopolies

- Forced loans

When was short parliment?

1640

Why did Charles call parliament?

Needed money for the Bishops war against Scotland

How long did the Short Parliament last?

Just over 3 weeks

When was long parliment?

1640-49

What month did long parliament begin?

November

What act was made to stop another personal rule?

Triennial Act (1641)

What did the triennial act state?

Parliament must be called every 3 years

What act effected Charles staff in 1641?

Act of Attainder

(allowed execution of the Earl of Strafford, Charles Advisor)

What other petition did parliament make (+what demanding)?

Root and Branch Petition

(Demanded the abolition of Bishops)

What did Charles do that sparked a national crisis in 1642?

Tried to arrest 5 MPs

What did the national crisis lead to?

Civil War

When was the First civil War?

1642-1646

What were the two groups fighting in the Civil War?

Parliament vs Royalists

What was formed in 1645 that helped parliament win?

New Model Army

What happened in 1646?

Charles surrendered to the Scots and handed over to Parliament

When was the second civil war?

1648-49

Who did Charles ally with for the second civil war?

Scots

What was the outcome of the Second civil war?

Defeated again

What was Prides purge?

Thomas pride using the army to get rid of anyone from parliament who wanted to negotiate led to the Rump parliament

How many people were part of the rump parliament?

71

What did the trial conclude?

Charles was guilty of treason and was executed

When was Charles executed

30th Jan 1649

What was abolished along with the execution?

The Monarchy and the House of Lords

When was the commonwealth?

1649-53

What was the commonwealth?

- Country ruled by parliament and the army

- lots of power struggles and instability

What was the main issue the Commonwealth faced?

Lack of wide support, the 'Revolution' of 1649 had been inflicted by a minority

Which groups was especially supressed by the Army?

Levellers, Royalists in Scotland and Ireland

What governmental reforms did the Commonwealth make? (2)

- Ended imprisonment for debt

- Ended high taxation

Why was the army a problem?

They didn't have reliable support so couldn't get rid of the army, but wouldn't gain the support from the people with the army existing.

When was the protectorate under Cromwell?

1653-58

What reforms were made by the protectorate? (4)

- The war with the Dutch was continued

- Legal measure to help debtors were introduced

- regulations concerning the treatment of lunatics was introduced

- Civil marriage was allowed

What was the name of the document from 1653 that established a new constitution and the protectorate?

Instrument of government

What else was stated in the Instrument of Government?

- Cromwell is Lord Protector

- Parliament will be elected by voters every 3 years

- Cromwell will be head of the NMA

- Religious freedom (except Catholics)

- This Government would rule over England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland

What Government was there in 1655?

Rule of the Major generals

Explain the Rule of the major generals

- England divided into military districts ran by army officers

- Very unpopular

When was the Humble Petition and Advice presented?

1657

What did the Humble petition and advice state? (6)

- Government by a king (changed because Cromwell refused the crown)

- The lords and commons to govern with a protector

- provision for a hereditary succession

- Parliament to control the Army

- Officers of state to be approved by Parliament

- Regular Elections and Limited religious Tolerance

When does Oliver Cromwell die?

1658

Who takes over from Cromwell?

His son Richard

Why was Richard not fit to be protector?

He had little political experience and no strong ties with the New Model Army

When was Richard force out of office and by who?

1659 and by the Leaders of the Army

Who restored order after it was lost due to getting rid of Richard?

General Monck, The commander of the Scottish Army

What sparked the restoration?

Petitions to restore the monarchy which led to a parliamentary election on what to do

When is the restoration?

1660

Who is restored to the throne?

Charles II

What did Charles do before he came back to England?

Declaration of Breda

What is the declaration of Breda? + terms

- An agreement between Charles II and parliament

-Pardons and amnesty for civil war fighters

-parliament would handle issues of religion and land

-the prerogative courts remained outlawed

What was the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion?

Granted a general pardon to those who supported the republican regimes, apart from those that directly condemned Charles I to death

What did the convention parliament do in 1660?

Saw the peaceful disbanding of the New model army

What did the religious aspect of Charles reign begin with?

Clarendon code

What was the Clarendon Code?

A series of four laws designed to restore the Anglican Church and cripple non-conformists

Did Charles agree with the clarendon code and the harsh religion persecution?

No

- During his rule he tried to change some of the harsh aspects

- But his actions only caused more tension between his and parliament

What finances were given to Charles?

He was given a generous settlement of £1.2 million a year and the 'hearth tax' (a tax on all fireplaces and stove around the country)

Did the finances given to Charles II allow him independence?

No, He was somewhat reliant on parliament finances which need consent form MPs

What Act was replaced in 1664?

Triennial Act,

Much weaker version that didn't have a procedure for is the king doesn't call parliament

Who is Clarendon?

Edward Hyde, the Earl of Clarendon

- dominated early 60s politics

- Held responsible for the Raid on Medway + defeat in the 2nd Dutch war

- Fled to France in 1667

Who replaced Clarendon?

The 'CABAL'

(Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley and Lauderdale) a diverse group of ministers

What agreement was signed in 1670?

Treaty of dover

What did the treaty of dover state?

Charles agreed to join louis in any further wars France had with the Dutch.

Also secretly agree to convert to Catholicism when the time was right in return from a pension from France.

What was the reaction to the treaty of dover?

MPs were unhappy and suspicious of the relationship between the monarchs.

Many people also sympathised with the protestant Dutch

When did the 3rd Dutch war start?

1672

What was the reaction to the war?

Very unpopular, increasing amount of anger for Charles

What religious declaration was there in 1672?

Declaration of indulgence

What did the declaration of indulgence do?

Granted extended religious freedom to Catholics and dissenters

What happened in 1673 that reduced the religious freedom?

Charles had to declare himself bankrupt, so parliament had power over him and were able to get him to revert the declaration of indulgence and replace it with the test acts.

Who was effected by the test acts?

- James the Duke of York lost him position in the navy

- The fall of the CABAL (led to the rise of Earl of Danby as the new chief minister for Charles)

What happened in 1678 that triggered more problems?

Popish plot

When was the exclusion Crisis?

1679-81

What was the exclusion crisis?

Multiple bills proposed by parliament to remove Charles catholic brother James from the line of succession.

How did Charles react to the crisis?

Kept on dissolving parliament and refused to even consider it.

What two groups were created from the exclusion crisis?

Whigs and Tories

What did the Whigs believe?

- Supported exclusion

- Didn't want toleration of Catholics

- Worried toleration might lead to an absolutist monarchy

What did the Tories believe?

- Strong believers in the monarchy + hereditary succession

- Respected authority

- Saw the Whigs to be people who wanted to destabilise the country and cause another civil war

What stopped the exclusion crisis?

Charles dissolved parliament and was able to rule without them as he had received a pension from France (part of the treaty of Dover)

What did Charles do to strengthen his position? (exclusion crisis)

- Charged the whig leader (Shaftsbury) with treason so he fled

- Charters revised to remove Whigs from office

- Rye house plot 1683 was a conspiracy to murder the king allowed Charles to arrest leading Whigs and weaken his opponents further

- 1684 he denied the triennial act + failed to summon parliament

When did Charles II die?

1685

Who supported James taking the throne after his brothers death?

Tories and the Anglican Church (made up most of the political elite)

When did James take to the throne?

1685

How did James damage the goodwill of the tory parliament?

- Fully openly supported Catholicism

- Appointed many Catholics to office

- over 200 Catholics replaced protestants as justices of the peace

- introduced the declaration of indulgence

When was the Declaration of indulgence brought in?

1687

How did people react to his heavy catholic support?

- Didn't like but were willing to accept

- Thought his reign would be short and his protestant daughter would undo the policies

What were the 2 things that were the final straws? (J)

- Trialling and charging 7 bishops who refused the declaration of indulgence

- Birth of a Catholic son

Who triggered the Glorious rev?

Seven politicians of both Whigs and Tories invited William of Orange and Mary to intervene to protect the monarchy and church