Chapter 9 Learning Objectives

Define need and be able to explain how satisfaction of needs motivates behavior, including the need hierarchy.

Need refers to a requirement or necessity for an individual or group that motivates behavior. The satisfaction of these needs follows a hierarchy, commonly illustrated by Maslow's pyramid, which includes physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization needs, influencing individuals' actions and decisions at different levels.

Define drive and be able to explain how drive reduction motivates behavior, including defining homeostasis.

Drive refers to an internal state of tension that motivates an individual to take action to fulfill a need, aiming to restore homeostasis. Drive reduction theory posits that satisfying these drives decreases tension and maintains balance within the body.

Define arousal and be able to explain how optimal arousal is associated with performance.

Arousal refers to a state of alertness and physiological activation that influences performance. Optimal arousal theory suggests that there is a specific level of arousal that leads to peak performance, where too little or too much arousal can inhibit effectiveness.

Explain how the pleasure principle and incentives motivate behavior.

The pleasure principle is a motivational concept that suggests individuals are driven to seek pleasure and avoid pain. Incentives are external rewards or stimuli that can further drive behavior, enhancing motivation by offering gratification or positive outcomes associated with achieving specific goals.

Define intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and explain how they are related.

Intrinsic motivation refers to engaging in activities for their own sake, driven by internal satisfaction and personal interest, while extrinsic motivation involves performing tasks for external rewards or to avoid negative outcomes. Both types of motivation can influence behavior, with intrinsic motivation often leading to higher persistence and enjoyment in tasks.

Explain the biological and learning factors that motivate eating

Biological factors, such as hunger and satiety signals, drive the physiological need for food, while learning factors involve conditioned responses and social influences that shape eating behaviors. Together, these factors interact to regulate appetite and food consumption.

Define emotion

Emotion is a complex psychological state involving physiological arousal, cognitive appraisal, and behavioral responses, often triggered by specific stimuli and influencing thoughts and actions. Emotions play a key role in human experience, affecting decision-making and interpersonal interactions.

What are the primary emotions?

The primary emotions are basic emotions that include happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust. These emotions are universally recognized and are considered fundamental to human experience.

What are the secondary emotions?

Secondary emotions are complex feelings that arise from the combination of primary emotions and cognitive appraisal. They include emotions such as guilt, shame, embarrassment, pride, and jealousy, and are often influenced by social and cultural contexts.

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Posits that emotions result from the perception of physiological reactions to stimuli. In this view, an emotional experience occurs after our body responds to a stimulus.

Canon-Bard Theory of Emotion

Proposes that emotional experience and physiological reactions occur simultaneously in response to a stimulus, rather than sequentially as suggested by the James-Lange theory.

Two-factor Theory of Emotion

Suggests that emotion is based on physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal, leading to the experience of emotion.

Explain the influence of the amygdala on emotions

This brain structure is key to processing emotions such as fear and pleasure. It plays a crucial role in emotional memory and helps to trigger physiological responses to emotional stimuli. It is located in the temporal lobe of the brain.

Suppression as it relates to emotional regulation

The process of consciously inhibiting the expression of emotions, which can lead to short-term emotional relief but may result in negative long-term psychological effects. It often involves avoiding thoughts about the emotional experience.

Rumination as it relates to emotional regulation

The process of continuously thinking about or analyzing the causes and consequences of one's negative emotions. While it may provide insights, it can exacerbate feelings of distress and hinder emotional recovery.

positive reappraisal as it refers to emotional regulation

A cognitive process where individuals reinterpret a negative situation in a more positive light, enhancing emotional well-being and reducing feelings of distress. This strategy helps mitigate the impact of negative emotions by focusing on potential benefits.

Humor as it relates to emotional regulation

A coping strategy that involves using humor to diffuse negative emotions and improve mood. It can foster resilience and contribute to psychological well-being by shifting perspective.

Distraction as it relates to emotional regulation

A strategy that involves diverting attention away from negative feelings or thoughts to alleviate emotional distress. This can be achieved through engaging in activities or focusing on positive experiences.