Health unit 4 - sac 2

Sustainable development goals definition

The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of targets and plans to make the world a better place. They include 169 targets to be achieved by 2030.

Who was the SDG’s developed by?

The goals were developed by all United Nations member states, non-government organisations, and people around the world, and were introduced in 2016.

What are the targets said to be?

One goal is no more important than any other — they complement and connect with each other. They are designed as a set of goals and targets that are integrated, interdependent and indivisible.

SDG’s goal outcomes

• end extreme poverty and hunger

• address diseases and promote health and wellbeing

• empower women and girls

• tackle climate change

• fight inequalities within and among countries

• build peaceful, just and inclusive societies

• protect human rights.

SDG 3

Good health and wellbeing: ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages

SDG 1

No poverty: end poverty on all its forms everywhere

SDG 2

Zero hunger

SDG 4

Quality education

SDG 5

Gender equality

SDG 6

Clean water and sanitation

SDG 12

Responsible consumption and productin

What SDGs does SDG 3 relate too?

SDG 1, SDG 2, SDG 4, SDG 5, SDG 6 and SDG 12

Key features of SDG 3

• Reduce maternal mortality

• End preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5

• End epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases (NTDs)

• Address hepatitis, waterborne diseases and other communicable diseases

• Reduce non-communicable diseases and promote mental health and wellbeing

• Reduce road traffic accidents

• Reduce deaths of illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination

• Reduce substance abuse, including drugs and alcohol

SDG 3 aim

SDG 3 aims to promote physical and mental health and wellbeing, and extend life expectancy by addressing the major causes of morbidity and mortality in low-, middle- and high-income countries.

Maternal mortality definition

Maternal mortality refers to the number of mothers who die due to complication related to pregnancy and childbirth.

Causes of maternal mortality

• Severe bleeding, mostly after birth (haemorrhage)

• Infection, usually after childbirth (sepsis)

• Complications during delivery (i.e. when the baby cannot pass through the birth canal, due to either the mothers’s small pelvis or the position of the baby in the uterus)

• Unsafe abortion

• High blood pressure during pregnancy (pre-eclampsia and eclampsia)

• Malnutrition in women and children

Prevention of maternal mortality ways

All women have access to sexual and reproductive health care, achieving universal healthcare coverage and reducing adolescent pregnancy

Prevention types of access to reproductive and sexual healthcare

• Four antenatal care visits

• Skilled birth attendants

• Care and support post birth

• Access to contraception

Prevention of deaths of newborns and children under 5

• Sexual and reproductive health care

• Encourage breastfeeding

• Provide access to nutritious food

• Clean water and sanitation

• Immunisation

• Access to universal health care

AIDs defintion

AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which damages and weakens the body’s immune system.

How AIDs is caused

HIV is transmitted via the exchange of infected bodily fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal secretions and breast milk. After contracting HIV the body loses the ability to fight infections, and the infected person eventually develops AIDs.

Treatment for HIV

There is no currently no cure for HIV and no vaccine to prevent the disease. However, antiretroviral drugs (ART) help delay and, in some cases, prevent the progression of HIV to AIDs.

What ART is

ART involves a combination of three or more drugs that stop the virus from reproducing, so people with HIV can enjoy healthy lives and reduce the risk of transmitting the virus to others. However, ART does not eliminate the virus from the body and the drugs need to be taken continuously.

Malaria definition

Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people when bitten by infected female mosquitoes.

Malaria symptoms

Malaria destroys the body’s red blood cells and causes fever, headache, diarrhoea and vomiting. If left untreated, malaria can cause death.

Preventing malaria (vector control) examples

• Using insecticide-treated mosquito nets to protect people when they sleep

• Spraying the inside walls of homes with insecticide to kill and repel mosquitoes

• Using antimalarial medicines to prevent malaria if bitten by mosquitoes

• Spraying or removing stagnant water, which is a breeding ground for mosquitoes

Tuberculosis defintion

Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease that affects the lungs. It is highly contagious and is caused by bacteria that can spread from person to person via the air through coughing and sneezing.

Tuberculosis symptoms

Night sweats, persistent cough, tiredness, weight loss and coughing up blood. If left untreated, TB destroys lung tissue and results in death.

Neglected tropical diseases definition

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a broad group of 20 diseases and conditions that mainly occur in tropical and subtropical environments. The range of diseases are transmitted differently and caused by a variety of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi and toxins.

Why (NTDs) are neglected

These diseases are referred to as neglected because they have received very little funding from governments and other organisation for research, prevention and control.

Where NTDs are most common

NTDs thrive in the poorest, most marginalised communities, where people:

• lack access to clean water and sanitation

• have limited access to health services

• live in close contact with domestic animals and livestock

• are in contact with infectious vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, fleas and other carriers that transmit viruses or parasites.

Why women and children are particularly at risk from NTDs

• Women are responsible for water collection, which can expose the collector to contaminated water and infectious disease vectors

• Children without access to safe water for drinking and bathing can contract a wide range of water-borne diseases

• Young children do not have fully developed immune systems and are susceptible to disease.

Action areas to end malaria

• Funding of healthcare services and health professionals

• Mass distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets

• More access to the indoor spraying of homes

• More effective medecines

• Expand the trial vaccination program

• Access to clean water and sanitation

Action areas of ending tuberculosis epidemic

• Provide universal health coverage

• Increased funding for health and wellbeing services and trained health workers

• Funding for developments of new and better ways to diagnose TB and develop resistant drugs and vaccines

• Access to clean water and sanitation

Action areas of ending NTDs epidemic

• New safe and effective drugs that can prevent and treat infections

• Vector control to remove carriers of these diseases such as mosquitoes, ticks, flies, fleas, bugs and worms

• Veterinary public health measures for diseases and infections that are transmitted between animals and humans

• Access to clean water and sanitation

• Development of new forms of insecticides

Hepatitis definition

Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver caused by a viral infection

Hepatitis A and E symptoms

Extreme fatigue, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain

Hepatitis A and E prevention

Can be prevented through improved sanitation, hygiene and food supply. There is also a vaccine for hepatitis A and E

Hepatitis A and E transmission

Food- and water-borne infections, so are more likely to occur in communities with contaminated water and poor sanitation

Hepatitis B and C. transmission

Blood-borne infections, transmitted through unsafe injections and medical procedures and, less commonly, through sexual contact

Hepatitis B and C symptoms

Can cause liver cancer and cirrhosis

Hepatitis D transmission

Blood-borne, transmitted through contact with infected blood and only occurs in people who are already infected with the hepatitis B virus

Action areas to end hepatitis epidemic

• Universal health coverage

• Large-scale vaccination programs for hepatitis A, B and E

• Access to clean water and sanitiation

• Safe practices in healthcare settings for blood and surgical safety

• Expansion of hepatitis C prevention programs

Diseases associate with key feature of SDG 3: end deaths from non-communicable diseases and promote mental health

Cardiovascular disease, cancer, respiratory diseases and diabetes.

Action areas for reducing non-communicable diseases

• Increase funding for universal health coverage

• Increase the priority for the prevention and control of NCDs, particularly in low- and middle-income countries

• Implement the WHO framework on Tobacco Control in all countries

• Place taxes on alcohol and tobacco products

• Encourage regular physical activity

• Tax sugar-sweetened drinks

• Develop laws for easy-to-understand food labelling

Promote health and wellbeing action areas

• Privide universal health coverage

• Prioritise the promotion of mental health and wellbeing

• Implement strategies to promote mental health and wellbeing

• Gather more accurate information on people experiencing poor mental health and wellbeing

• Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse

• Fund healthcare services and qualified mental healthcare staff

• Strategies to respond early to reduce health and wellbeing risks and manage emergency situations

Reduce deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents action areas

• Increase funding for driver education programs

• Invest in road infrastructure

• Ensure vehicles are safe and in good working order

• Implement a range of healthy public policies

• Invest in emergency services and quality health care

Why environmental caused diseases increased

More people move to cities, pollution from heavy traffic, poor housing and limited access to water and sanitation services bring about significant health and wellbeing risks.

Indoor air pollution impact

In low- and middle-income countries majority of people cook and heat their homes using solid fuels, these fuels produce small soot particles penetrating deep in the lungs. Causing and increase risk of childhood pneumonia and acite lower respiratory infections and in adults premature deaths from stroke, ischaemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer deaths.

External air pollution causes

Caused energy production and traffic fumes, which release deadly air pollutants, such as black carbon and greenhouse gases.

Water pollution impact

Contamination of drinking water and soil, mainly through poor sanitation is responsible for many deaths from diarrhoeal diseases, as well as contributing to deaths from malnutrition, intestinal worm infections and schistosomiasis.

Reduce deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination action areas

• Monitor air pollution levels

• funding and incentives for clean energy sources

• Reduce vehicle emissions and invest in public transport systems

The health sector must work and collaborate with other sectors to achieve health related goals

Education, transport, agriculture, legal, government, water and sanitation, finance and energy

SDG 1 Key features

• Ending extreme poverty, which is measured as people living on less that PPP$2.15 a day

• reducing the proportion of men, women and children living in poverty by half

• putting in place soical protection systems

• ensuring equal rights and making sure everyone has acess to essential resources, services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inherithance, natura