The science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from data
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Variable
A characteristic or attribute that can assume different values
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Random Variable
Variables whose values are determined by chance
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Data
The values (measurement or observations) that the variables can assume
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Data Set
A collection of data values
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Data Value or Datum
Each value in the data set
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Descriptive Statistics
Consists of the collection, organization, summarization, and presentation of data
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Inferential Statistics
Consists of generalizing from samples to population, performing estimations and hypotheses tests, determining relationships among variables and making predictions; uses probability
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Probability
Likelihood that a particular event will ocucur
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Population
Consists of all subjects (human or otherwise) that are being studied
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Sample
A group fo subjects selected from a population
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Hypothesis Testing
A decision-making process for evaluating claims about a population, based on information obtained from samples
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Qualitative Values
Variables that can be placed into distinct categories, according to some characteristic or attribute
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Quantitative Values
Numerical and can be ordered or ranked
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Discrete Variables
They assume values that can be counted
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Continuous Variables
Can assume an infinite number of values between any two specific values. They are obtained by measuring. THey often include fractions and decimals
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Nominal Level of Measurement
Classifies data into mutually exclusive (non-overlapping), exhausting categories in which no order or ranking can be imposed on the data Categorical (names)
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Ordinal Level of Measurement
Classifies data into categories that can be ranked; however, precise differences between the ranks do not exist Nominal, plus can be ranked (order)
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Interval Level of Measurement
Ranks data, and precise differences between units of measure do exist; however, there is no meaningful zero Ordinal, plus intervals are consistent
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Ratio Level of Measurement
Possesses all the characteristics of interval measurement, and there exists a true zero. In addition, true ratios exist when the same variable is measured on two different members of the population Interval, plus ratios are consistent, true zero
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Random Sample
Subjects are selected by random numbers
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Systematic Sample
Subjects are selected by using kth number after the first subject is randomly selected from 1 through k
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Stratified Sample
Subjects are selected by dividing up the population into groups (strata), and subjects are randomly selected within groups
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Cluster Sample
Subjects are selected by using an intact group that is representative of the population
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Convenient Sample
Subjects are selected by convenience
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Observational Study
The researchers observe what is happening or what has happened in the past and tries to draw conclusions
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Experimental Study
The researcher manipulates one of the variables and tries to determine how the manipulation influences other variables
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Quasi-Experimental Study
Researchers use intact groups; these are done in education where intact groups are available in the form of existing classrooms
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Independent Variable/Explanatory Variable
The variable that is being manipulated
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Dependent Variable/Outcome Variable
The variable that is studied to see if it has changed significantly due to the manipulation of the independent variable
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Treatment Group
In a study, this group receives special instruction
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Control Group
Unlike the Treatment Group, in a study the Control Group does not receive special instruction
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Hawthorne Effect
A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied
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Confounding Variable
Variable that influences the dependent variable but was not separated from the independent variable