Abnormal Psychology EXAM 2

Factitious Disorder

Disorder in which a person feigns or induces physical symptoms

Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another

False creation of physical or psychological symptoms

Factitious disorder seems to be particularly common among people who:

(1) received extensive treatment for a medical problem as children
(2) carry a grudge against the medical profession (3) have worked as a nurse

Conversion Disorder is

A disorder in which a person's bodily symptoms affect his or her voluntary motor and sensory functions

Conversion disorder DSM-5 Checklist

1. Presence of at least one symptom or deficit that affects voluntary or sensory function.
2. Symptoms are found to be inconsistent with known neurological or medical disease.
3. Significant distress or impairment.

Somatic Symptom Disorder

A disorder in which people become disproportionately distressed

Somatic Symptom Disorder DSM-5 Checklist

(1) Person experiences at least one upsetting or repeatedly disruptive physical (somatic) symptom.
(2) Person experiences an unreasonable number of thoughts

Somatization Pattern

individual with somatization disorder experiences a large and varied number of bodily symptoms

Predominant pain pattern

The person with somatization disorder's PRIMARY bodily problem is the experience of pain

Psychodynamic Explanation of Conversion and Somatic Symptom disorder

Freud: Emotional conflicts into physical symptoms. Specifically a result of sexual repression e.g. caused by parents overreacting to their daughter's early displays of affection for her father

Cognitive-behavioral Explanation of Conversion and Somatic Symptom disorder

1. Rewards. Yielding benefits from their illness (e.g. attention) is key.
2. Or using physical symptoms as communication tool to express difficult emotions

illness anxiety disorder (hypochondriasis)

A disorder in which people are chronically anxious about and preoccupied with the notion that they have or are developing a serious medical illness

Psychophysiological Disorders

Disorders in which biological

Examples of psychophysiological disorders

Ulcers

Factors that contribute to Psychophysiological Disorders

Biological: deficits in the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Psychoimmunology

Looks for links between psychosocial stress

Psychoimmunology on Stress and health

Stress can interfere with the activity of lymphocytes (natural killer T-cells

Why and when stress interferes with immune functioning (Biological)

1) Long term stress causes norepinephrine to travel to receptors on certain lymphocytes and gives them an inhibitory message to stop their activity
2) An extended release of cortisol and other stress hormones causes the stress hormones to travel to lymphocytes and send inhibitory messages
3) Stress hormones trigger an cytokines - too many cytokines creates inflammation

Why and when stress interferes with immune functioning (Behavioral)

People who are stressed may become depressed etc. and behave in self-destructive ways

drinking

bad diet

Why and when stress interferes with immune functioning (Personality style)

Persons who cope effectively with life stressors (optimism

Why and when stress interferes with immune functioning (Social support)

People with better social support both have better immune systems (lymphocyte response) when stresses

Behavioral Medicine

An interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease

Psychological Treatments for Physical Disorders

Relaxation training

Anorexia Nervosa (description

gender

Anorexia Nervosa DSM-5 Checklist

1) Individual purposely takes in too little nourishment

Two types of anorexia nervosa

1. Restricting type
2. Binge-eating/purging type

Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating

Bulimia Nervosa

A disorder marked by frequent eating binges followed by forced vomiting or other extreme compensatory behaviors to avoid gaining weight. Also known as binge-purge syndrome.

Bulimia Nervosa DSM-5 Checklist

1. Repeated binge eating episodes.
2. Repeated performance of ill-advised compensatory behaviors (e.g.

Compensatory Behaviors (Eating Disorders)

In eating disorders

Difference between anorexia and bulimia

• Anorexia involves significant weight loss of 15 percent or more of ideal body weight
• Bulimia sufferers are normal weight
• Bulimia sufferers are more sexually experiences

ANorexia and bulimia often occurs after…

A period of dieting

Multidimensional risk perspective: eating disorders

Theory that identifies several kinds of risk factors (biological

Psychodynamic explanation of eating disorders

Hilde Bruch: disturbed mother-child interactions lead to serious ego deficiencies in the child (including a poor sense of independence and control) and to severe perceptual disturbances that jointly help produce disordered eating

Cognitive-Behavioral explanation of eating disorder

People with eating disorders improperly label their internal sensations and needs

Depression and eating disorders

Theorists to suggest that depressive disorders help set the stage for eating disorders.

Biological explanation of eating disorders

• Theorists suspect that certain genes may leave some people particularly susceptible to eating disorders
• Brain circuit abnormalities

Weight set point theory (eating disorders)

The weight level that a person is predisposed to maintain

Sociocultural view on eating disorders

Eating disorders are more prominent in Western countries due to standards of female beauty

Family dynamics and EDs + Family theorists view on EDs

• Families where thinness is encouraged can produce eating disorder
• Enmeshed family patterns can trigger eating disorders in the teen who starts to establish independence

Multicultural factors in EDs

White people favor thinness more

Treatment for Anorexia + Effectiveness

1) Nutritional rehabilitation for quick weight gain

• tube feeding in serious cases
• combination of supportive nursing care

Treatment for Bulimia + Effectiveness

• Nutritional rehabilitation
  • Helping clients to eliminate their binge-purge patterns and establish good eating habits
  • Combination of therapies for underlying courses
  • CBT therapy (best

Treatments for eating disorder do often not….

….bring about full recovery

What is a drug

any substance other than food that affects our bodies or minds

Substance Use Disorders

A pattern of long-term maladaptive behaviors and reactions brought about by repeated use of a substance.

Tolerance

The brain and body's need for ever-larger doses of a drug to produce earlier effects.

Withdrawal

Unpleasant

Depressants

Drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system

• Alcohol
• Sedative-hypnotic drugs
• Opioids

Possible temporary and long term effects of alcohol abuse

Temporary:

• inhibition

Delirium Tremens

A dramatic withdrawal reaction that some people dependent on alcohol have. It consists of confusion

Korsakoff's syndrome

Nutritional deficiency of vitamin B1 due to alcoholism resulting in extreme confusion

Substance abuse vs substance dependece

Substance abuse:
Excessive and chronic reliance on drugs
Substance dependence: Excessive reliance accompanied by tolerance and withdrawal symptoms)

Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs

Drugs that calm anxiety at lower doses and help them to fall asleep at higher doses

• Anxiolytics
• Barbiturates
• Benzos (Xanax

Benzidiazepines

Most common anti-anxiety drugs

includes Xanax
Can lead to sedative-hypnotic use disorder

a pattern marked by craving for the drugs

Opioids

Drugs derived from opium or similar synthetic drugs

• morphine
• heroin
• endorphins (body's own "opioid")

Opioid Use Disorder

Cognitive

Opioids effects

Short term: pain relief

Stimulants

Drugs that increase activity of the CNS:

• cocaine
• amphetamine
• caffeine
• nicotine

Cocaine

Powerful and addictive stimulant derived from the coca plant

Cocaine effects

Temporary:
confidence

Amphetamies

• Amphetamine (Benzedrine)
• Dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine)
• Methamphetamine (Methedrine)

Amphetamines effects

Releases dopamine & norepinephrine and blocks reuptake

Neurotoxicity of Methamphetamine

Damage to nerve endings

Stimulant use disorder

When use of a stimulant meets criteria for substance use disorder

Hallucinogen (psychedelic)

Substance that causes powerful changes in sensory perception

Synesthesia (LCD)

When different senses cross (e.g. hearing colors

LSD negative effects

Anxiety or depression

Polysubstance use

Using multiple substances

Cross-tolerance

• Tolerance for a substance one has not taken before as a result of using another substance similar to it

Synergistic effects

In pharmacology

Sociocultural Explanation of Substance Use Disorders

People are most likely to develop substance use disorders when they live under stressful socioeconomic conditions

Psychodynamic Explanation of Substance Use Disorders

Early deprivation leads to powerful dependency needs or develop a "substance abuse personality" (impulsive

Cognitive-Behavioral Explanation of Substance Use Disorders

• Operant conditioning: drug's effects = reward = more use
  and expectancy = expecting drug to be rewarding
• People use drugs as relief
• Classical conditioning aids in falling back into taking drugs (e.g. in old neighborhood)

Biological Explanation of Substance Use Disorders

• Genetic predisposition
  dopmine-2 gene
• Neurotransmitters
  Continued drug use lowers body's own production of certain NT's -> become dependent on the drug for that function
• Brain Circuits
  Dysfunction of reward circuit may lead to substance use disorder
  Incentive-sensitization theory: reward center becomes hypersensitive to drug -> future desire
  Reward deficiency syndrome: drug use lowera reward center's ability to feel as much pleasure without the drug

Substance use disorder treatments

• Psychotherapy (not effective)
• CBT
  Aversion therapy (not v effective)
  Contingency management (rewards

Relapse Prevention Training (Biological treatment for substance use disorder)

CBT approach to alcohol use disorder
Clients keep track of drinking behavior

Detoxification (Biological treatment for substance use disorder)

Systematic and medically supervised withdrawal from a drug.

Drug Maintenance Therapy (Biological treatment for substance use disorder)

An approach to treating substance dependence in which clients are given legally and medically supervised doses of the drug on which they are dependent or a substitute drug

Sociocultural Treatments for drug use disorder

(1) self-help programs
(2) culture- and gender-sensitive programs
(3) community prevention programs.

Alcoholics Anonymous

12 step self-help program that provides social support for achieving sobriety. Effective for many.

Sexual Response Cycle

Excitement

Sexual Dysfunction

Disorder marked by a persistent inability to function normally in some area of the sexual response cycle

Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

Male dysfunction marked by a persistent reduction or lack of interest in sex and hence a low level of sexual activity. 6 months at least

Disorders of Desire

Problems with urge to have sex

Female sexual interest/arousal disorder

Female dysfunction marked by reduction or lack of interest in sex and low sexual activity and sometimes limited excitement and few sexual sensations during sexual activity. 6 months at least

Disorders of sexual excitement

Erectile Disorder
Female sexual interest/arousal disorder

Erectile Disorder

Inability to attain or maintain adequate penile erection until completion of sexual activity. 6 months at least.

Nocturnal Penile Tumescence (NPT)

Men typically have erections during REM sleep

abnormal/ absent nighttime erections indicate physical
basis for erectile failure

Disorders of Orgasm

Delayed ejaculation
Early ejaculation
Female orgasmic disorder

Premature Ejaculation

Ejaculation within 1 minute for at least 6 months

Delayed Ejaculation

Significant delay

Female orgasmic disorder

Significant delay

Disorders of Sexual Pain

Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder (Vaginismus

Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder (Vaginismus)

Outer muscles of vagina contract = penetrational pain. 6 months at least

Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder (Dyspareunia)

Vaginal pain during intercourse NOT because of muscle contraction

Paraphilias

Patterns in which people repeatedly have intense sexual urges or fantasies or display sexual behaviors that involve objects or situations outside the usual sexual norm