unit review

Attribution theory

Explaining others' behaviors by crediting the situation or the person's disposition.

Fundamental attribution error

The tendency to underestimate the importance of the situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

Central route to persuasion

Changing people's attitudes through logical arguments and explanations.

Peripheral route to persuasion

Changing people's attitudes through cues like a speaker's attractiveness.

Foot in the door

The technique of starting with a small request before making a larger one.

Door in the face

Making a large request that is likely to be turned down, followed by a smaller one.

Stanford prison experiment by Zimbardo

Demonstrated the impact of roles on individuals in a highly unethical study.

Cognitive dissonance

The discomfort caused by conflicting thoughts, leading to justification of the situation.

Conformity by Asch

Demonstrated how individuals conform to group opinions, as seen in the line length experiment.

Obedience by Milgram

Participants obeyed authority figures to administer shocks, showcasing obedience to authority.

Social facilitation

Performing better in the presence of others.

Social loafing

Putting in less effort in a group when others are also involved.

Deindividuation

Losing self-awareness in a group setting and feeling less accountable.

Group polarization

Strengthening of initial group attitudes over time.

Groupthink

The desire for harmony in a group leading to poor decision-making.

Scapegoat theory

Prejudice provides a target for anger by blaming others.

Ethnocentrism

Viewing one's group as superior or more important.

Just world phenomenon

Belief that people get what they deserve in life.

Altruism

Unselfish concern for the welfare of others.

Bystander effect

The likelihood of receiving help decreases as the number of bystanders increases.

Social exchange theory

Social behavior is an exchange process aiming to maximize benefits.

Reciprocity norm

Giving in expectation of receiving in return.

Approach-approach

A situation involving a choice between two desirable outcomes.

Approach-avoidance

A situation where an outcome has both positive and negative consequences.

Avoidance-avoidance

A situation where both outcomes are undesirable, but a choice must be made.

Multiple approach-avoidance

Involves multiple situations with both positive and negative aspects.

Self-concept bias

What is considered important in oneself is also considered important in others.

False consensus effect

Overestimating the degree to which others think like oneself.

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Belief leading to its own fulfillment, influencing behavior.

Self-serving bias

Perceiving oneself in a favorable light.

Spotlight effect

Overestimating the extent to which others are paying attention to oneself.

Belief bias

Holding onto an opinion even when evidence contradicts it.

Belief perseverance

Persisting in a belief despite contradictory information.

Hindsight bias

The tendency to believe that one knew the outcome after it happened.

Anchoring bias

Initial judgments influencing subsequent decisions, even in the face of new information.

Confirmation bias

Seeking evidence that supports one's preexisting beliefs.

Ostrich bias

Ignoring negative information.

Halo effect

Forming positive impressions based on one positive trait.

Framing

Presenting information in a way that influences others' perceptions.