Greek History Final

Peace of Kallias 449

Athenians negotiated with the Persians, never published because Athenians did not want to give up their reason for tributes and persians didn't want to humiliate themselves. Many revolts after people found out.

Koroneia 447

revolt, athenians lost control of central greece, Boeotia, and Phokaia

Euboia 446

revolt, stopped by pericles

Chalcis decree 466

After Euboia revolt. Restricted their activities, required to obey athenian people.

Thirty Years Truce 446/6

End of Peloponnesian War. Athens gave up Megara, Aigina became autonomous

Samian Revolt 441-439

Brutally supressed revolt by Perikles, had to pay a huge fine

Jury Pay 450

Proposed by Perikles

Citizenship law

451/0, proposed by Perikles, had to have athenian mom and dad

Building program 447

Proposed by Perikles, included the parthenon

Cleruchies

Prime land in another city that athens gave to athenians

Episkopoi

Overseers, spies sent by Athens to make sure taxes were being paid

Proxenoi

Official friends of athens in another state

Phrourarchs

Garrison commander, the person who commands the troops (Athenian troops in a conquered city)

Litigation in conquered city

Trials held in Athens with athenian jury

Oaths conquered cities had to make to Athens

I will obey the athenian people, i will love the athenian people

How did Athens enforce all their rules of conquered cities?

Their fleet and pulling down the walls

Oikos

means house. Athenian women could not own property, have a job, be outside the household

Epikleros

On the plot, the status of a woman who has no brothers and her father dies. She can't own the property, and is basically a placeholder on the land. Must marry her nearest male relative.

Thesmophoria

Religious festival where women could leave the house

Hetaira

Non athenian woman, hangs out with men in public places, benefits from relationship with men

Elpinike

Kimon's half sister. Famous for going out and confronting Athenian politicians, like perikles for example.

Enktesis

The right to own land, occasionally given to metics

What did a non athenian have to do to live in athens?

Pay a special tax + all regular athenian tax + serve in military + no vote + no property/land

Demosioi

The slaves of the demos. The state itself owned slaves that did odd jobs.

Thucydides

470 - 395

Oloros

Father of Thucydides

Amphipolis 424

Thuc was general, tried to save Amphipolis because it was a crucial ally to Athens, failed. Got exiled when he got back, went to sparta.

Xenophon Hellenika

Xenophon tried to finish Thuc's history in his book Hellenika

Archaeology (Thuc's vesion)

Bascially invented archaeology but didn't do it. The first 23 chapters of his book were intos, talked about why the war was important

To Deonta

What seemed necessary, Thuc did this when writing speeches while holding it as close as possible

Hellanikos

Thuc throws shade at this guy, says his dates are wrong

What did Thuc believe literature should be?

Scientific, Utilitarian, Aestetic

Themes of Thucydides

Human nature comes in cycles, national character, brutality of power, positive attributes leader to negative outcomes, hope will mislead you, motivation comes from self interest (people don't act on principals, they form principals from self interest), life is tragic

Thirty Years Peace 446/5

Treaty between athens and sparta. Neautral states could not join either alliance, Aigina was autonomous, disagreements had to be arbitrated.

aitai, diaphorai

causes, differences. the things Thuc says he is going to address about how the war started

Prophasis

thing that was put forward, Thuc uses this word to say that the real reason they went to war was that athens was compelled to by their power and fear.

Epidamnos

Civil war broke out involving Corcyra and Corinth. Ended up with athenian alliance with corcerya.

Sybota 433

Athens sent a flee to protect corcyra from corinth. When the battle was over, the corinthians sent a herald to ask if the treaty was broken.

Poteidaia 433/2

Athenians send a message to the corinthian colony, asks them to expel all corinthians and put their walls down. They say no. Athens attacks and kicked them out of the city.

Archidamos

Spartan king, made a speech about not going to war with athens

Sthenelaidas

Spartan ephor that called for the vote to go to war with athens

Aigina

Originally free, went to the spartan side and claimed Athens infringed on their autonomy.

Megarian decree

Megara is a dorian state, ally. Athenians sent a herald to Megara saying they were farming sacred land. Megarians killed the herald. Athenians said Megara can't use any athenians harbor in the empire. They are a trading power, so this hurt them bc they couldn't trade at all.

Perikles

500 - 429

Stesimbrotos of Thasos

wrote pamphelet with a bunch of dirt on pericles, apparently sleeping with his son's wife

Ion of Chios

wrote tragedies, memiors of pericles' life

Aspasia

Maybe wife of pericles, metic

Damon

Athenian philospher, loved music, gave Perikles the idea for jury pay

Anaxagoras

last of ionian scientists, everything is made of tiny versions of itself, about to die when perikles visited him and said "dont die i need you"

The archidamian war 431 - 421

Named after spartan king Archidamus. war between athens and sparta.

Plataia 427

attacked by Thebes (spartan ally) in the archidamian war. under siege and finally taken. Thebans execute the them.

Attica plague 430

Athenians had all come into the walled city to protect themselves from the invading spartans, Thuc got it

Corcyra Stasis 427-25

civil war. proxy war. Athenian side gets control and executes the spartan side. the spartans start killing each other so they don't get publically slaughtered.

Mytilene 428/7

Main city on Lesbos, revolt started, failed, and Athenians got control. Debate about what to do with all the people. Vote to kill men and enslave women, Kleon calls them pathetic. Diodstos says don't kill them because no one will be there to work the farms. Diosto wins, but 100 were already killed.

Sicily 427/24

Athenian fleet stops in Pylos, spartans attack, athenians win, 120 spartans taken alive. Kleon is a hero. sparta stopped invading athens because they wanted to save them.

Amphipolis in the archidamian war

Brasodas was the spartan general, captures amphipolis. Kleon fights him. orders army to turn their unarmed right flank to amphipolis, spartans kill them, brasidas killed.

Peace of Nikias 421

50 year peace, 120 spartans released, alliance between spartans and athenians

Gorgios of Leontini

claimed he could argue any side of any question, argued nothing exists, knowledge is impossible, from sicily

Protagoras of Abdera

Philospher, believed arete can be taught, man is the measure of all things (two different interpretations)

Socrates 469-399

didn't take money, not technically a sophist

Physis vs. Nomos

nature vs custom, argued by socrates

Aristophanes

comedy writer, political, hated pericles, wrote knights, clouds, wasps

Aeschylus

wrote tragedy, introduced second actor, believed the gods were just

Panactum

Fortification on the border between Athenian and theban territory. Thebans didn't want to give it back.

Amphipolis and scione after the peace of Nikias

Amphipolis wanted to be alligned with sparta, sparta refused to compel them to rejoin athens. Scione revolted from athenian control and athens killed all the men and enslaved all the women.

Who formed the alliance between argos and athens?

alcibiades

quadruple alliance

athens, argos, elis, mantineia

(athens abandoned the sparta alliance)

mantineia 418

athens and argives vs spartans and tegeans. sparta won and peloponnesian league went back.

Melos 416

famous for obsidian and raisins, colony of sparta. athens sent fleet, took city, killed men, enslaved children.

Egesta

Ally of athens. pooled all their riches to convince athens they were really wealthy. Nikias said no war, Alcibiades says yes. they end up on yes.

Syracuse

Powerful city, big navy, democratic government, in the spartan influence

Lamachos

experienced athenian general

strategoi autoktatores

Alciabidedes, Nikias, and Lamachos expedition. couldn't find cities to sell them goods and bring their ships up. sail around syracuse, alcibiades is called back to stand trial. he goes to sparta and becomes a spartan advisor.

Hermes statues, hetaireia

Hermes statues were mutilated, suspected conspiracy. Hetaireiai were a group of aristocrats. Athenians prosecute and execute people.

Gylippos

spartan general sent to syracuse to help, told them to build a counterwall.

Olympieum

Athens went here and put troops inside the circle and tried to build a wall across the penninsula so they could cut syracuse off.

Plemmyrium

Second athenian camp, so they could s ee what syracuse was doing. Nikias was there.

Demosthenes

Planned a night attack, had a secret word so they knew who was on their side. Syracusans start yelling hte password also. Athens loses, they try to escape, fail, they split into two groups. His group is captured.

Dekeleia

Town in attica used as a base for the spartans. Made it hard for Athenians to farm and use their countryside.

Tissaphernes

Persian satraps, Alcibiades tries to get him to help athens if they get rid of democracy, says no.

Pharnabazos

persian satrap

probouloi

Board of 10 specifically tasked with finding ways to save money (athens). reduce athen's expenses so they could keep fighting, add matters to the agenda, increased to 30.

Peisander

leader of athenian fleet, convinced the hetaireia to overthrow democracy

Colonus

town outside of athens where meeting was held, only the rich could afford to attend, where the probouloi proposed to suspend graphe paranomon

graphe paranomon

a law against illegal laws, if this is suspended, anything can be proposed and voted for

what happened after graphe paranomon got suspended?

they get rid of demcracy. people now need their own property, got rid of council of 500 and replaced with 400, no pay for public service

Antiphon

The brains behind the 400, jury voted to excute him

Eetioneia

A spot in the harbor of Athens that needed to be fortified. Told the hoplites to build the fortifications. (hoplites were not part of the 400). They start to wonder if they are going to turn the fortification over to Sparta and they start to riot. When the 400 hears of this, they send Theramenes down to deal with this.

Theramenes

He agrees with the hoplites, they march back to the city, find the spartans have attacked, march down to the ships, have a naval battle with the spartans, and sail back to athens. After the battle the hoplites cooled off and voted to overthrow the 400. Put the members of the 400 on trial for destroying democracy.

The 400

Supposed to be a temporary situation, held on to power too long until hoplites put them on trial

The 5000

Property owning people, including the hoplites. Citizens capable of voting and holding office.

Kleophon

athenian most responsible for democratizing the government, Pushed for an oath to support democracy, same as the fleets swore in 411/10, Spartans propose peace again, he convinced athenians to say no

Diobelia

two oval payment, probably jury pay, show that athenians voted this in again

Notion 406

Alcibiades had to leave. Told the guy in charge not to fight the spartans. This guy attacks the spartan fleet, athenians lose, fleet is destroyed. Athenian's blamed Alcibiades, didn't elect him the next year. Went to his private castle

Konon

New general elected after Alcibiades, got captured, rescued

Arginusai 406

great victory for athens against spartan fleet. the generals were supposed to pick up the bodies and rescue the wounded, storm came so they didn't. Generals executed.

Aegospotami 405

The fleet was in a spot where they could not resupply. So they were walking down the coast to get food and water. Alcibiades castle was nearby. He went down and told the generals this is a bad idea. Spartans use this advantage and destroy the athenians. Ends the peloponnesian war.

Xenophon

Friend of plato, wrote dialogues and history

Lysias

foreign speech writer, wrote defense speeches, friend of socrates