Rad Tech Patient Care

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108 Terms

1

Signs

are objective findings seen by the examiner
(can be measured, felt , or heard)

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2

Symptoms

are objective findings seen by the patient
Signs are usually accompanied by symptoms

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3

Homeostasis

consistency in the internal environment of the body (normal)

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4

What are the primary mechanisms that function to help maintain homeostasis?

1. heart beat
2. temperature
3. blood pressure
4. respiratory rate
5. electrolyte balance

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5

What is use to measure the primary mechanisms?

vital signs

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6

Vital signs measure what?

1. temperature
2. blood pressure
3. pulse rate
4. respiratory rate

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7

What does abnormal vital signs in the body indicate?

that the body is not in homeostasis

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8

What is normal body temperature?

98.6F with a one to two degree variation

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9

Body temperature is regulated by what?

the hypothalamus

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10

Body temperature is regulated or kept constant by what?

produced heat
sweat (diaphoresis)
breathe heavier
can be measure in the body in C or F

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11

5 common places to measure body temperature are?

1. oral
2. axillary
3. tympanic
4. rectal
5. temporal artery

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12

oral

by placing the thermometer underneath the tongue (sublingual) normal oral temp is 98.6F

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13

axillary

by placing the thermometer between upper arm and the torso or the armpit (use covering) 97.6F

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14

tympanic

placing the thermometer into the ear 97.6F Normal temp

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15

rectal

placing the thermometer into the rectum 99.6F normal temp

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16

temporal artery

placing the thermometer on the side of the forehead normal temp 100F

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17

hyperthermia

body temperature higher than normal (fever)
(confusion, dizziness, and coma)

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18

hypothermia

body temperature below average

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19

Respiratory System

delivers oxygen and release carbon dioxide (has to have a constant supply of oxygen)

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20

How does the diaphragm controls inspiration and expiration?

by its upward and downward movement

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21

A single respiration consists of what?

one inspiration and one expiration

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22

How should a normal respiration be?

it should be silent and effortless

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23

Normal breath rate

12 to 20 breaths per minute

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24

Children 10 and less breath rate

20 to 30 breaths per minute

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25

Newborns

30 to 60 breaths per minute

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26

Respiration can also be measured by what?

measured in 1 by depths and patterns

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27

tachypnea

rapid respiratory rate and is higher than 20 breaths per minute

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28

bradypnea

slower than normal respiratory rate

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29

dyspnea

difficult breathing

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30

apnea

absent of breathing

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31

any abnormal respiratory rate can be dangerous

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32

3 common sites to measure pulse are

1. Radial artery
2. Brachial artery
3. Carotid artery

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33

Radial artery

at the wrist

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34

Brachial artery

at the elbow

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35

Carotid artery

at the neck

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36

Optical pulse

stethoscope over the apex of the heart

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37

Normal Rates

recorded as beats per minute

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38

What is the normal rest rate for an adult?

60-100 beats per minute

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39

Normal rest rate for children 10 or younger?

70-120 beats per minute

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40

To obtain a pulse by an EKG you do what?

a series of electrodes place across the chest and heart activity is recorded

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41

Arteriole Line

has the ability to measure pulse rate

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42

types of arteriole lines

swan gaze catheter
pulse oximeter

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43

Pulse oximeter

measure oxygen concentration in blood, also use to measure the pulse as well

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44

Tachycardia

pulse rate over 20 beats per minute above the resting pulse rate

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45

Bradycardia

when the pulse rate is below the normal rate

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46

irregular heart beat is life threatening

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47

Cardiac output

product of the heart rate and stroke volume

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48

Cardiac cycle

refers to the events that occur from one ventricular contraction to another

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49

SA node

sinode atrial node

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50

AV node

aventricular node

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51

Bundles of his (left and right)

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52

Purkinje fibers

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53

Any abnormalities in the conduction system that adversely affect the cardiac output is called what?

arrhythmia or dysrhythmia

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54

P wave

represents contraction of the atrial muscle

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55

Depolarization

same as contraction

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56

QRS complex

contraction of the ventricles

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57

T wave

follows the relaxation of the ventricles

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58

U wave

repolarization of the rest of the heart muscles (not always going to see)

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59

5 steps to evaluate an EKG

1. is the rhythm regular or irregular
2. are QRS complexes similar and narrow and should not exceed 3 small squares .12 seconds
3. are the P waves similar; are the PR intervals normal and need to be from 3 to 5 small squares.
4. is the rate normal? count the number of large squares in between each QRS complex /300 75 beats per minute pulse rate. If irregular, calculate count the QRS complexes in a 6 second interval and multiply by 10
5. is the sequence normal? P QRS T

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60

atrial fibrillation

atrial quiver instead of contracting and relaxing

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61

ventricular fibrillation

ventricles quiver not contracting or relaxing

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62

asystole

patient dead-no evidence of activity

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63

What does blood pressure do?

force blood on the arteriole walls during contraction and relaxation of the heart

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64

diastole

pressure during the relaxation of the heart

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65

Systolic Pressure

is the peak pressure during the contraction of the heart

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66

is recorded as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure

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67

What do they use to take blood pressure with manually?

sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope

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68

inflate the cuff to more than the normal systolic

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69

Systolic number

1st time you hear the heart beat in the patient

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70

diastolic number

2nd time when you stop hearing the heart beat in the patient

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71

Blood pressure is recorded in what?

mm/Hg

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72

Normal Blood pressure in adult

less than 120 for systolic
less than 80 for diastolic

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73

How should a person be seated for a blood pressure check?

should be in a seated position with bp cuff at the same level as the heart

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74

Multiple BP readings

140/90 or more in hypertension

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75

120-139
80-89

prehypertension

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76

140-149
90-99

stage 1 hypertension

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77

160+
100+

stage 2 hypertension

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78

more common in men than women

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79

twice as common in blacks than whites

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80

hypotension

is below the limits

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81

each one of the vital signs has an affect on the other

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82

be aware if something is wrong with the patient know how to take care of them

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83

Normal Saturation (O2)

is 95% to 100%

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84

Hypoxemia

less than 90% of O2 (sat) in the blood
can be characterized by cyanosis
around lips, finger nails, and gums

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85

Hypoxia

insufficient oxygen in the tissue

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86

oxygen is considered to be a drug and have to have a doctor's order to be on it

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87

don't administrated oxygen just because someone is having a difficult time breathing

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88

when oxygen is ordered it is ordered in L/min

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89

the most common device to deliver oxygen

nasal cannula

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90

nasal cannula

normal rate is usually one to four L/min
Don't go beyond 4 L/min but never go beyond 6 L/min because it will dry out the patient's nasal

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91

Simple O2 mask

used to cover nose and mouth not used very much and it is hooked up to the oxygen

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92

Nonrebreathing mask

provide high concentration of oxygen and they prevent exhale oxygen from being rebreathe back into the patient's body

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93

aerosol mask

used to prevent drying out of the nasal passage

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94

air entertainment mask

helps keep oxygen
patient breathes in oxygen from the mas, an from outside the mask as well

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95

when a patient is on oxygen we do not remove the oxygen for the sake of an xray

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96

if it's green then its related to oxygen
babies can be placed in oxygen tents

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97

ventillator

is used for a pt that cannot breathe on their own

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98

endotracheal tube (ET)

placed into the trachea for purpose of respiration

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99

intubation

process of placing an ET tube
tip of ET tube should be placed 1-2 inches superior to the burifaction of the trachea

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100

urinals

used for males

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