Exam 3 Review: Ch. 6-8 (Integumentary and Skeletal System)

Flashcards covering the integumentary and skeletal systems based on provided lecture notes.

Stratum Corneum

Dead, keratinized cells of the skin surface

Stratum Lucidum

Clear, featureless, narrow zone seen only in thick skin

Stratum Granulosum

Two to five layers of cells with dark staining keratohyalin granules; limited in thin skin, persistent in thick skin

Stratum Spinosum

Many layers of keratinocytes, that connect with desmosomes, creating a spiny look. As they move up, they flatten. Dendritic cells are present but hard to see.

Stratum Basale

Single layer of cuboidal to columnar cells. Site of mitosis, producing keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile cells, and stem cells. Melanin is prominent in keratinocytes at this layer and more visible in darker skin tones.

Papillary Layer

Superficial (top) fifth of the dermis. Composed of areolar tissue, which is like a sponge allowing fluid movement. It extends upward as dermal papillae, forming a wavy boundary with the epidermis. FINGERPRINTS

Reticular Layer

Makes up the deeper (bottom) four-fifths of the dermis, consists of dense irregular connective tissue. This layer is tougher than the papillary layer, accommodating small clusters of adipocytes and blood vessels, which contribute to skin elasticity and nutrient supply.

Stem cells

Divide to produce keratinocytes (stratum basale)

Keratinocytes

Most common; produce keratin

Melanocytes

Produce melanin pigment

Tactile cells

Sensory touch cells

Dendritic cells

Immune surveillance

Fingerprints

Friction ridges leave an impression when they press oil and sweat (from eccrine sweat glands) onto a surface.

Merocrine (Eccrine) sweat glands

Watery sweat (mostly water + salt + urea); all over body, especially palms, soles, forehead; active at birth; thermoregulation (cooling body), excretion; most numerous sweat glands

Apocrine sweat glands

Thicker, milky sweat (fatty acids + proteins); Axilla (armpits), groin, anal region, areola, beard area (men); begin at puberty; respond to stress & sexual stimulation; bacteria digest secretion → body odor

Sebaceous glands

Sebum (oily, waxy secretion); everywhere except palms & soles; usually open into hair follicles; active in puberty (↑androgens); lubricates skin/hair, waterproofs, antimicrobial; Holocrine glands → cells rupture to release sebum

Ceruminous glands

Cerumen (earwax: sebum + dead cells); external ear canal; active always; trap dust & debris; waterproofs eardrum; Modified apocrine gland

Mammary glands

Milk (proteins, fats, sugars); Found only in women during pregnancy/lactation; active in pregnancy & lactation; nourishment of newborn; Modified apocrine gland, functional only in females during reproduction

Melanin

Amount determines light/dark skin; produced by melanocytes, accumulates in keratinocytes

Eumelanin

Brownish black

Pheomelanin

Reddish yellow (sulfur containing)

Hemoglobin

Pigment in RBC’s, reddish/pink tones

Carotene

Yellow pigment from diet, concentrates in corneum and subcutaneous fat

Cyanosis

Blue, low oxygen/oxygen deficiency

Erythema

Red, increased blood flow to skin

Pallor

Pale, decreased blood flow to skin

Jaundice

Yellow, bilirubin in blood

Albinism

White skin, genetic lack of melanin

Hematoma

Bruising, clotted blood under skin

Pilus

Slender filament of keratinized cells growing from a tube in the skin called a hair follicle.

Downy Hair (Lanugo)

fine, unpigmented hair that appears on fetus in the last 3 months (at birth most is replaced by vellus hair)

Vellus Hair

fine, pale hair, constitutes 2/3 of hair of a women, 1/10 hair of a man, and all hair of children except for eyebrows, eyelashes, hair of scalp

Terminal Hair

longer coarser and more heavily pigmented hair; forms eyebrows, eyelashes and covers the scalp after puberty, also form axillary and pubic hair, facial hair, and some hair on the trunk and limbs

Alopecia

Hair thinning/baldness

Hirsutism

Excessive, abnormal hair growth

Nail Plate

Entire visible hard part of the nail; includes the free edge, nail body, and nail root.

Free Edge

Distal, overhanging part of nail.

Nail Body

Main visible part of nail attached to nail bed.

Nail Root

Proximal part embedded in the skin under the cuticle.

Nail Fold

Skin fold around margins of nail. Frames and supports edges of the nail.

Eponychium (Cuticle)

Thin layer of dead skin over nail root.

Nail Matrix

Thickened stratum basale at the nail root; site of nail growth.

Lunule

White crescent at the proximal end of nail — due to thickness of matrix.

Nail Bed

Skin under nail plate (includes stratum basale and stratum spinosum).

Hyponychium

Skin under the free edge — seals nail to fingertip.

Freckle

Flat melanized patch

Mole

Elevated, melanized, often with hair

Hemangioma

Birthmark (benign tumor of dermal capillaries)

Flexion ridges/lines

Creases where skin folds

Friction ridges

Markings on fingertips that leave oily fingerprints

ABCDE rule

a. Asymmetry; b. Border irregularity; c. Color; d. Diameter (>6mm); e. Evolving

Basal cell carcinoma

Least dangerous – seldom metastasizes, most common, forms from cells in stratum Basale, small and shiny bump with central depression and beaded edges

Squamous cell carcinoma

From keratinocytes of stratum spinosum, lesions usually on scalp, ears, lower lip or back of hand, raised and reddened scaly appearance – later forming concave ulcer, recovery chance is high with early removal and detection, tends to metastasize to lymph nodes and has ability to become lethal

Melanoma

From melanocytes, most deadly and greatest risk, less than 5% of skin cancers, can be successfully removed but usually fatal if metastasizes, highest reports in men, redheads, people who had serve sunburn as a child

1st-degree burn

Epidermis only, redness slight edema and pain, heals within days

2nd-degree burn

Epidermis + part of dermis, appears red, tan, or white; blistered and painful, two weeks to several months to heal and may leave scars

3rd-degree burn

Entire dermis, possibly deeper, often requires skin grafts to restore appearance and function partially, needs fluid replacement, infection control, supplemental nutrition

Autograft

using epidermis and part of the dermis harvested from somewhere else on the same patients body; leaving behind some dermis to regenerate the harvested skin, a advantage is it is accepted by immune system

Isograft

using skin from an identical twin to avoid immune rejection

Allograft

skin from any other person, usually from a deceased donor; but because of immune rejection these serve as temporary coverings until the patient is well enough to proceed with an autograft

Axial Skeleton

Forms central supporting axis of the body; skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, sacrum, hyoid

Appendicular Skeleton

Pectoral girdle, upper limbs (upper extremity), pelvic girdle, lower limbs (lower extremity)

Thoracic Cage

Thoracic vertebrae (T1–T12), Ribs (1–12), Sternum (manubrium, body, xiphoid process), Costal cartilages (hyaline cartilage connecting ribs 1–10 to sternum)

Pectoral Girdle

Clavicle, Scapula

Pelvic Girdle

Two hip bones (ilium, ischium, pubis), Sacrum (forms posterior part of ring)

Frontal sinus

Located in the frontal bone, just above the eyes.

Maxillary sinus

Located in the maxilla, lateral to the nose and inferior to the eyes.

Sphenoidal sinus

Located in the sphenoid bone, posterior to the nasal cavity.

Ethmoidal air cells

Located in the ethmoid bone, between the nasal cavity and the orbit (made of multiple small chambers, not one large cavity).

Frontal bone

Forehead and upper part of the eye sockets.

Parietal bones

Form the sides and roof of the cranial cavity.

Temporal bones

Lower sides of the skull; contain the ear canal.

Occipital bone

Back and base of the skull; contains the foramen magnum (opening for the spinal cord).

Sphenoid bone

Central bone of the skull; connects with almost every other cranial bone.

Ethmoid bone

Located between the eyes; helps form the nasal cavity and part of the eye sockets.

Nasal bones

Bridge of the nose.

Lacrimal bones

Small bones forming part of the medial wall of each orbit.

Zygomatic bones

Cheekbones.

Maxillae

Upper jaw and part of the hard palate.

Palatine bones

Form part of the hard palate and nasal cavity.

Inferior nasal conchae

Thin curved bones in the nasal cavity.

Vomer

Lower part of the nasal septum.

Mandible

Lower jaw; the only moveable bone of the skull.

Fossa

A shallow depression or basin; example: Mandibular fossa (temporal bone)

Foramen

A hole or opening through a bone; example: Foramen magnum (occipital bone)

Meatus

A canal-like passage through a bone; example: External acoustic meatus (temporal bone)

Sinus

An air-filled cavity lined by mucous membrane; example: Frontal sinus, maxillary sinus

Groove (Sulcus)

A long, narrow depression for a vessel or nerve; example: Groove for transverse sinus (occipital bone)

Coronal Suture

Between the Frontal and Parietal bones

Sagittal Suture=

Between the two Parietal bones

Lambdoid Suture

Between the Parietal bones and the Occipital bone

Squamous Suture

Between the Parietal bones and the Temporal bones

Process

General term for a bony prominence; example: Mastoid process (temporal bone)

Condyle

Rounded articular projection; example: Occipital condyles (occipital bone)

Spine

Sharp, slender projection; example: Spine of Sphenoid bone

Crest

Narrow ridge; example: Sagittal crest (parietal bones in some species)

Ramus

Arm-like bar of bone (less common in skull); example: Mandibular ramus

Protuberance

Bony outgrowth or knob; example: External occipital protuberance

Calcitriol

Also known as VItamin D

Calcitonin

Produced in the Thyroid Gland, Helps regulate blood calcium.