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Ionization Energy
The energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom, measured in kilojoules per mole, resulting in a positively charged ion.
Electron Affinity
The energy change that occurs when an electron is added to a neutral atom, often resulting in a negative value when energy is released.
Valence Electron
The outermost electron of an atom that is involved in chemical bonding and is shielded from the nucleus by core electrons.
Core Electrons
Electrons in the inner shells of an atom that shield the valence electrons from the full positive charge of the nucleus.
Effective Nuclear Charge
The net positive charge experienced by an electron in a multi-electron atom, calculated by subtracting the number of shielding electrons from the total number of protons.
Lithium Ion
A positively charged ion formed when a lithium atom loses its valence electron, resulting in a +1 charge.
Lithium Anion
A negatively charged ion formed when a lithium atom gains an electron, resulting in a -1 charge.
Noble Gas
An element in Group 18 of the periodic table, characterized by a complete valence shell and a lack of chemical reactivity, such as neon.
Beryllium Anion
A negatively charged ion formed when a beryllium atom gains an electron, which requires energy due to the filled electron configuration.
Electron Configuration
The distribution of electrons in an atom's orbitals, which determines its chemical properties and reactivity.
Trend in Electron Affinity
The general increase in electron affinity as one moves across a period in the periodic table, with exceptions such as noble gases and certain elements like nitrogen.
