cels199 module 1 lecture 2

what are most cells and organelles measure in?

micrometres (μm)

what is the cells range for eukaryote cells?

10-100μm

what are the sizes of prokaryote cells?

less than 5μm

what are the size ranges for organelles (mitochondrion and chloroplast))

mitochondrion: 1-10μm, chloroplast: 2-5μm

What are the components of cells and organelles measured in?

Nanometres (nm)

Size range of ribosomes

25 - 30 nm

Size range for membrane

7- 8 nm

Size range for microtubules

25 nm

Size range for microfilaments

7nm

Size range for DNA helix

2 nm

Name this macromolecule

Carbohydrates

Name this macromolecule

Proteins

Name this macromolecule

Nucleic acids

What do the structures of carbohydrates, proteins and nuclei acids have in common?

On a molecular scale they are macromolecules (ie very large), they are all polymers made up of monomers, and they are all consistent in structure

How are lipids different from carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins?

They are smaller on a molecular scale, do not form polymers, include a diverse range of structures (heterogeneous)

Name this macromolecule

Lipid

What polymer do nucleotides form?

Polynucleotides

What are the monomer subunits for carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides (simple sugars: mono = one, saccharide = sugar)

What are some examples of monosaccharides?

Glucose (hexose sugar) and deoxyribose (pentose sugar)

What are polymers of monosaccharides called?

Polysaccharides

What is an example of polysaccharides?

Cellulose (cell wall of plants)

What are the three functions of carbohydrates?

Recognition, energy, structure

What are known to be the information molecules of a cell?

Nuclei's acids

What are the two types of polynucleotides of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

What are nucleic acid monomers called?

Nucleotides

What is the basic structure of nucleotides

A 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group

Are there H or OH in a DNA helix?

H

Are there H or OH in a RNA strand?

OH

What are the functions of nucleic acids?

Unit of inheritance (makes up chromosomes), informational molecule - DNA is involved in gene expression, RNA controls protein synthesis (mRNA , tRNA, rRNA)

which of the four basic macromolecules are the most diverse and abundant?

proteins

what are the monomers for proteins?

amino acids

what polymers do amino acids form?

proteins

how many different amino acids are there?

20

describe the structure of amino acids

they have the same basic structure, the only difference between them being the R group

functions of proteins (8)

structural, regulatory, contractile, transport, storage, protective, catalytic, toxic

give an example of a structural protein

collagen - a protein in skin and bones

give an example of a regulatory protein

insulin - a peptide hormone

give two examples of a contractile protein

actin, myosin - muscle proteins

give two examples of transport proteins

haemoglobin (carries oxygen) and cytochrome (eg. carries electrons)

give two examples of storage proteins

egg white (albumin) and seed proteins

give an example of protective proteins

antibodies - immune proteins

give two example of catalytic proteins

hydrolytic in lysosomes, and RNA polymerase - enzymes

give two examples of toxic proteins

botulinum toxin, and diphtheria toxin

can lipids form polymers?

no

which macromolecule is the smallest?

lipids

are lipids heterogeneous or do they have similar structures?

they are heterogeneous