Studied by 4 people
absolute distance
a distance that can be measured with a standard unit of length (miles, kilometers)
absolute location
the exact position of an object or place, measured within the spatial coordinates of a grid system
accessibility
the relative ease with which a destination may be reached from some other place
aggregation
to come together into a mass, sum, or whole
anthropogenic
human-induced changes on the natural environment
azimuthal projection
a map projection in which the plane is the most developable surface
breaking point
the outer edge of a city's sphere of influence, used in the law of retail gravitation to describe the area of a city's hinterlands that depend on that city for its retail supplies
Carl Sauer
geographer from the University of California at Berkeley who defined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental unit of geographical analysis- this landscape results from the interaction between humans and the physical environment- Sauer argued that virtually no landscape has escaped alteration by human activities
cartograms
a type of thematic map that transforms space such that the political unit with the greatest value for some type of data is represented by the largest relative area
cartography
the theory and practice of making visual representations of Earth's surface in the form of maps
choropleth map
a thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area
cognitive map
an image of a portion of Earth's surface that an individual creates in his or her mind (can include knowledge of actual locations and relationships)
complementarity
the actual or potential relationship between two places (usually referring to economic interactions)
connectivity
the degree of economic, social, cultural, or political connection between two places
contagious diffusion
the spread of a disease, an innovation, or cultural traits through direct contact with another person or another place
coordinate system
a standard grid, composed of lines of latitude and longitude, used to determine the absolute location of any object, place, or feature on Earth's surface
cultural ecology
the study of the interactions between societies and the natural environments in which they live (aka nature-society geography)
cultural landscape
the human-modified natural landscape specifically containing the imprint of a particular culture or society
distance decay effect
the decrease in interaction between two phenomena, places, or people as the distance between them increases
dot maps
thematic maps that use points to show the precise locations of specific observations/occurrences (crimes, car accidents, births)
environmental geography
the intersection between human and physical geography, which explores the spatial impacts humans have on the physical environment and vice versa
expansion diffusion
the spread of idea, innovations, fashion, or other phenomena to surrounding areas through contact and exchange
formal region
definition of regions based on common themes such as similarities in language, climate, land use, etc.
friction of distance
a measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction between two places
fuller projection
a type of map projection that maintains the accurate size and shape of landmasses but completely rearranges direction such that the 4 cardinal directions no longer have any meaning
functional region
definition of regions based on common interaction (or function)
geographic scale
the scale at which a geographer analyzes a particular phenomenon (typically, the finer the scale of analysis, the richer the level of detail in the findings; think local, national, global)
geoid
the actual shape of the Earth, which is rough and oblate (slightly squashed)
gis (geographic information system)
a set of computer tools used to capture, store, transform, analyze, and display geographic data
gps (global positioning system)
a set of satellites used to help determine location anywhere on Earth's surface with a portable electronic device
gravity model
a mathematical formula that describes the level of interaction between two places, based on the size of their populations and their distance from each other
hierarchical diffusion
a type of diffusion in which something is transmitted between places based on the size of their populations and their distance from each other
human geography
the study of spatial variation in the patterns and processes related to human activity
international date line
the line of longitude that marks where each new day begins, centered on the 180th meridian
intervening opportunity
basically the concept that transportation costs usually decrease with proximity
isoline
a map line that connects points of equal or very similar values
large scale
a relatively small ratio between map units and group units
latitude
the angular distance north or south of the equator, defined by lines of latitude (aka parallels)
law of retail gravitation
a law stating that people will be drawn to larger cities to conduct their business since larger cities have a wider influence on the surrounding hinterlands
location charts
a chart or graph on a map that gives statistical information about a particular political unit or jurisdiction
longitude
the angular distance east or west of the Prime Meridian, defined by lines of longitude (aka meridians)
map projection
a mathematical method that involves transferring Earth's sphere onto a flat surface- all of them are distorted in some way
map scale
the ratio between the size of an area on a map and the actual size of that same area on Earth's surface
mercator projection
a conformal cylindrical map projection, useful for navigation since it maintains accurate direction, oversizes landmasses at the poles
meridian
a line of longitude that runs north-south; all lines of longitude are equal in length and intersect at the poles.
natural landscape
the physical landscape or environment that has not been affected by human activities
parallel
an east-west line of latitude that runs parallel to the equator and that marks distance north or south of the equator
perceptual region
highly individualized definition of regions based on perceived commonalities in culture and landscape
peters projection
an equal-area projection purposely centered on Africa in an attempt to treat all regions of Earth equally
physical geography
the realm of geography that studies the structures, processes, distributions, and changes through time of the natural phenomena of Earth's surface
preference map
a map that displays individual preferences for certain places
prime meridian
an imaginary line passing through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England, that marks the 0° line of longitude
projection
the system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map
proportional symbols map
a thematic map in which the size of a chosen symbol (circle, triangle, etc) indicates the relative magnitude of some statistical value for a given geographic region
Ptolemy
roman geographer-astronomer and author of Guide to Geography which included maps containing a grid system of latitude and longitude
qualitiative data
data associated with a more humanistic approach to geography, often collected through interviews, empirical observations, or the interpretation of texts, artwork, old maps, and other archives
quantitative data
data associated with mathematical models and statistical techniques used to analyze spatial location and association
reference map
a map type that shows reference information for a particular place, making it useful for finding landmarks and for navigation
region
a territory that encompasses many places that share similar physical and/or cultural attributes
regional geography
the study of geographic regions
relative distance
a measure of distance that includes the costs of overcoming the friction of absolute distance separating 2 places; often describes the amount of social, cultural, or economic connectivity between two places
relative location
the position of a place relative to the places around it
relocation diffusion
the diffusion of ideas, innovations, behaviors, and so on from on place to another through migration
remote sensing
the observation and mathematical measurement of Earth's surface using aircraft and satellites (sensors include photographic images, thermal images, multispectral scanners, and radar images)
resolution
a map's smallest discernible unit
robinson projection
a projection that attempts to balance several possible projection errors- it doesn't maintain area, shape, or distance, or direction completely accurately, but it minimizes errors in each
sense of place
feelings evoked by people as a result of certain experiences and memories associated with a particular place
site
the absolute location of a place, described by local relief, landforms, and other cultural or physical characteristics
situation
the relative location of a place in relation to the physical and cultural characteristics of the surrounding area and the connections and interdependencies within that system; a place's spatial context
small scale
a map scale ratio in which the ratio of units on the map to units on Earth is quite small- these kinds of maps generally depict large areas
spatial diffusion
the ways in which phenomena (technological innovations, cultural trends, disease outbreaks) travel over space
spatial perspective
an intellectual framework that looks at the particular locations of a specific phenomenon, and how and why that phenomenon is where it is, and, finally, how it is spatially related to phenomena in other places
sustainability
the concept of using Earth's resources in such a way that they provide for people's needs in the present without diminishing Earth's ability to provide for future generations
thematic layers
individual maps of specific features that are overlaid on one another in a GIS to understand and analyze a spatial relationship
thematic map
a type of map that displays one of more variables (population, income level, etc.) within a specific area
time-space convergence
the idea that distance between some places is actually shrinking as technology enables more rapid communication and increased interaction among those places
topographic maps
maps that use isolines to represent constant elevations
transferability
the costs involved in moving goods from one place to another
visualization
use of sophisticated software to create dynamic computer maps, some of which are 3D or interactive
W.D. Pattinson
geographer who claimed that geography drew from four distinct traditions: the earth-science, culture-environment, locational, and area-analysis traditions
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