Class 14: Alternative to Dominant Order

Barriers to Participation

Factors limiting women's involvement in physical activities.

Gendered Expectations

Societal norms dictating appropriate behavior for genders.

Racist Exclusions

Discriminatory practices preventing participation based on race.

Cost of Participation

Financial barriers hindering access to sports activities.

Ideology of Amateurism

Belief system promoting non-professional sports participation.

First-Wave Feminism

Movement focused on women's suffrage and rights.

Suffragette Movement

Campaign for women's right to vote.

1912 Stockholm Olympics

First Olympics featuring women's swimming and diving events.

Women Competitors Percentage

Only 2.2% of competitors were women in 1912.

Coubertin's Opposition

Pierre de Coubertin opposed women's Olympic participation.

Alice Milliat

French feminist advocating for women's sports representation.

FSFI Formation

Founded in 1921 to promote women's sports internationally.

1921 Monaco Competition

Event attracting 20,000 spectators and multiple countries.

Women's Olympics 1922

First women's Olympic events held in Paris.

Women's World Games

International competitions held in 1930 and 1934.

FSFI and IOC Negotiations

Discussions for women's inclusion in Olympic events.

1928 Amsterdam Olympics

First Olympics to include women's athletics events.

Women's Events in 1928

Five events: 100m, 800m, high jump, discus, relay.

Matchless 6

Canadian team winning unofficial championship in 1928.

800m Event Controversy

Competitors collapsed post-race, leading to event removal.

Women's Marathon Inclusion

Added to Olympics for the first time in 1984.

Baron Pierre de Coubertin

Founder of modern Olympic Games, emphasized sportsmanship.

Immigration to Canada

Dramatic increase of 34% from 1901-1914.

Manitoba Immigration

Significant migrations included Icelanders and Ukrainians.

PA Traditions

Deeply held physical activity traditions from immigrants.

Rational Recreation

Play promotes integration among diverse children.

Soccer's Role

Fosters goodwill among children of various backgrounds.

Icelandic-Canadians

Faced assimilation threats, sought cultural preservation.

Winnipeg Falcons

Symbol of loyalty; success linked to military service.

Media Construction

Sport used to assimilate immigrants into Canadian identity.

Choosing Sides

Decision to assimilate through sport or maintain identity.

Asahi Baseball Club

Won multiple championships, symbolized resistance to hegemony.

Ukrainian-Canadian Generational Debates

1st vs 2nd generation attitudes towards sport.

Anglo-Canadian Attitudes

Influenced Ukrainian youth's view on sport and identity.

Community Goals

Sport identified with Ukrainian community integration efforts.

Ukrainian Boy Scouts

Military-style drills promoting integration and nationalism.

Sport Days

Organized events asserting integration through athletic competition.

Canadian Ukrainian Athletic Club

Founded in 1925, excelled in girls' softball.

Rational Recreation Goals

Addressed urban issues like idleness and delinquency.

Workers' Sport Clubs

Associated with labor organizations for community engagement.

Nick Mickoski

Notable Ukrainian athlete contributing to community identity.

Evelyn Moroz

Prominent Ukrainian athlete, symbol of cultural pride.

Ollie Hynduik

Influential Ukrainian athlete in Canadian sports landscape.

Ukrainian National Youth Federation

A cultural organization promoting Ukrainian youth activities.

On to Ottawa Trek

Workers' protest march for better conditions.

Absence of social safety net

Lack of government support for citizens' welfare.

Oppositional Sport

Sport promoting working-class ideology and solidarity.

Human pyramids

Non-competitive physical activity emphasizing teamwork.

Socialist Workers' Sport International (SWSI)

International organization for socialist sports, founded 1913.

Workers' Olympics

Event held every 6 years for workers' sports.

Red flag

Symbol of socialism used in workers' events.

Internationalism

Advocacy for global solidarity among workers.

Bourgeois sport

Sport catering to wealthy, competitive individuals.

Spartakiads

Workers' sports events organized by Red Sport International.

Barcelona "People's Games"

Alternative games organized against the Berlin Olympics.

Mass participation

Encouragement of involvement from all social classes.

Women's participation

Support for female athletes in workers' sports.

Political atmosphere

Context of activism and ideology in sports events.

Great Depression

Severe worldwide economic downturn affecting labor.

Prairie drought

Natural disaster impacting agriculture and economy.

Radicalism resurgence

Increase in extreme political movements post-WWI.

Workers vs Bourgeois

Conflict between working-class and capitalist ideologies.

Competition emphasis

Focus on winning rather than participation.

Cultural organizations

Groups promoting cultural activities and identity.

Workers' sport movement

Advocacy for sports accessible to all workers.

Ideology of socialist internationalism

Belief in global unity among socialist workers.

Franco

Initiated the Spanish Civil War in 1936.

AAU

Amateur Athletic Union; banned athletes returning from Barcelona.

Ev Dawes

High jumper banned for skipping Berlin Games.

WSAC

Workers' Sports Association of Canada, founded in 1928.

Canadian Young Communist League

Key in establishing WSAC and promoting sports.

RSI

Red Sports International, linked to communist sports movements.

Membership Growth

WSAC grew from 4000 in 1932 to 5000 in 1933.

Gymnastics

Staple sport for WSAC, popular among Eastern Europeans.

Team Sports Shift

Response to working-class demand for competitive sports.

Hammer and Sickle club

Soccer teams formed in 1925 under WSAC.

Finnish Immigrants

Largest immigrant group in WSAC, active in sports.

Ukrainian Immigrants

Second largest group, formed cultural gymnastics clubs.

Radical Finns

Most athletically gifted group within WSAC.

Nordic Skiing

Active sport among Finnish-Canadian athletes.

Sudbury-Timmins Race

240km race showcasing Finnish athleticism.

Cultural Organizations

Ukrainians created networks for social and sports.

Ukrainian Labour Farmer Temple

Cultural hub for Ukrainian gymnastics clubs.

Women's Participation

Highlighted as a barrier overcome in sports.

Working-Class Alternatives

Opposed IOC; supported free public recreation.

Amateurism Abolition

Called for unions for professional and Olympic athletes.

Daily Worker Campaign

Advocated for integration in Major League Baseball.