biology keystone

Priest who revolutionized the study of heredity

Gregor Mendel

The passing of physical traits from parents to offspring

heredity

Any characteristic passed from parent to offspring

Trait

The scientific study of heredity

genetics

When a new organism begins to form when sperm & egg join together

fertilization

The offspring of MANY GENERATIONS that have same trait

purebread

This has 2 different alleles for a trait

Hybrid

Factors that control a trait

Gene

The different forms of a gene

alleles

One whose trait ALWAYS shows up in the organism when the allele is present. (always represented by a CAPITAL letter)

Dominant alleles

a trait HIDDEN whenever the dominate allele is present. will only show up if organism DOESN’T have a dominate allele . (always represented by a lowercase letter)

recessive alleles

To predict the results of a particular event. A number that describes how likely it is that an event will occur

probability

A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross.

punnett square

organisms PHYSICAL appearance/ visible traits

phenotype

organism’s genetic makeup/ allele combination letter code for a trait (ex. RR,Rr,rr)

genotype

Organism that has two IDENTICAL alleles for a trait

homozygous

organism that has 2 DIFFERENT alleles for a trait.

Heterozygous

Purebread he initial set of parents CROSSED in a breeding experiment

P generation

offspring from the p generation cross

F1 generation

creation of sex cells gametes (23) (sperm & egg )

meiosis

Cells with half the number of chromosomes (n)

Haploid

full set of chromosomes (46 in humans)

Diploid

specialized organ that reduces the number of chromosomes in females (-4 produced 1 survives)

ovaries

specialized organ that reduces the number of chromosomes in males (-4 produced 4 survive)

testes

1 cell divides into 2 cells

Meiosis 1

2 cells divide into 4 cells

meiosis 2

similar chromosomes with the sames genes ( 1 from mom and 1 from dad)

homologous chromosomes

pair of connected homologous chromosomes

Tetard

Different forms of the same gene. ex) eye color blue eyes, green eyes, brown eyes

allele

random exchange of genes between two homologous chromosomes ( endures genetic diversity)

crossing over

what chromosomes align independently

homologous chromosomes

what two things ensure generic diversity in all living things)

crossing over and homologous chromosome

what is meiosis 2 the same as

mitosis

what produces 2 genetically identical cells

mitosis

what produces 4 genetically different haploid cells

meiosis

23 chromosomes

haploid cell

46 chromosomes

diploid

The regular sequence of growth cell division that cells undergo is known as the

cell cycle

The first stage in the cell cycle

Interphase

During interphase what does the cell do

it grows

During interphase the cell also ________ its _______

replicates , DNA

During the s phase it prepares to divide into _______ new cells

more

At the end of interphase during the ______ phase, the checks its replicated DNA for flaws and prepares to divide

G2

Mitosis is the ________ stage of the cell cycle

shortest

Motisi is the stage in which the cell’s what divides?

Nucleus

During mitosis, how many copies of what is distributed into each daughter cell?

one copy of DNA

mitosis is divided into how many parts?

4

what are the 4 phases of mitosis called?

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

During the 4 phases of mitosis the what condenses into rod like structures. what are these rod like structures called?

chromatin, chromosomes

During mitosis, two sister chromosomes, which have been duplicated and are now joined together, are called?

sister chromatids

During prophase chromatin in the nucleus condenses to form what?

chromosomes

During prophase _____ move to opposite sides of the _____

centrioles , nucleus

During prophase spindle fibers form and the ______ _________ begins to break down

nuclear membrane

During metaphase the _____ _________ line up across the _____/______ of the cell

sister chromatids, center/equator

during anaphase what two things split apart

sister chromatids

During the anaphase sister chromatids split part and each become separate what?

chromosomes

During telophase what arrives at the opposite sides of the poles. what original from do they turn into

chromosomes, chromatin

In what phase is the cell cleaved into 2 daughter cells

cytokinesis

In animal cells what pinches around the middle of the cell

cell membrane

During cytokinesis what 3 things have been divided?

cytoplasm, organelles, and cellular components

The molecule for heredity, contains the blueprint for building an organism

DNA

Sugar found in DNA (makes up sides of the ladder)

Deoxyribose

sugar that alternates with this molecule on the sides of the ladder

phosphate

These things make up the rungs (center) of the DNA ladder, can be 4 different types

nitrogen bases

DNA is made up of repeating subunits called

nucleoids

DNA shape

double helix

In DNA Adenine always Pairs with

Thymine

Guanine always pairs with

cytosine

This molecule takes the message from DNA to the ribosomes

mRNA

These structures in the cell build proteins based on the code

ribosome

The process by which DNA makes a copy of itself

replication

A section of DNA that codes for a protein/trait is a

gene

The sugar molecule found in mRNA

ribose

Base found in RNA but not DNA

uracil

Amino acids join together to make

proteins

The process by which DNA is made into RNA is called

transcription

The process by which RNA is made into protein is called

translation

Any change in DNA is called

mutation

A protein that makes up blood cells

hemoglobin

Mutation in DNA that causes abnormally shaped blood cells

sickle cell

WHat does DNA stand for

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Where is DNA found

nucleus

condensed DNA

chromosome

uncondensed DNA

chromatin

has 2 strands

DNA

has 1 strand

RNA

The ability to do work

energy

energy available in a system to do work

free energy

amount of energy remains the same over time in the universe

Law of conservation of energy

process that changes s set of chemicals into another set of chemicals

chemical reaction

compounds that enter the reaction

reactants

the things produced by the reactants

products

specialized proteins that reduce the activation energy needed to get a reaction started

enzymes

substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction

catalyst

energy required to get a reaction started

activation energy

Energy STORING reaction where reactants have LESS energy than the product

Endergonic (endothermic) reaction

Energy RELEASING reaction (exercise). The reactants have MORE energy than the products

Exergonic (Exothermic) reaction

passive transport

requires NO energy