Chapter 15

Pantheism

God and nature the same

Leeuwenhock

Early microscope

First to see/study cells

Harvey

Circulation of blood is the purpose of the heart

Vesalius

Father of Modern Anatomy

Disected human cadavers

Galileo

Built telescope

Saw moon craters, Jupiter’s moons

Ptolemy

Geocentric model

Earth is the center of the universe

Syncretism

Looked down upon Islam

Bring back to original teachings

30 Years War

Catholic-Protestant War

15-30% of germany killed

Ignatius

Society of Jesus

Founded many schools and universities

Henry VIII

King

Henry VIII had six wives during his reign.

Martin Luther

Catholic

Salvation only from the grace of god

Faith needed, not good works

Akbar

Mughal emperor known for religious tolerance and administrative reforms.

Augsburg Confessions

A key document of the Lutheran Reformation outlining its principles.

Johann Sebastian Bach

Baroque composer

Bhakti movement

Hindu devotional movement emphasizing a personal relationship with the divine through actions

Appealed to women

Set aside castes

Cao Xueqin

Author of the Chinese novel "Dream of the Red Chamber."

Émilie du Châtelet

translated Newton’s work

Nicholas Copernicus

Heliocentric Model

• All planets orbit sun

Council of Trent

Catholic Church council addressing the Counter-Reformation and doctrinal issues.

Nothing changes

No indulgences

Stepped up Inquisition

Formed The Index

Thomas Cranmer

Archbishop of Canterbury during the English Reformation.

Critique of Pure Reason

Immanuel Kant's philosophical work on metaphysics and epistemology.

Deism

Philosophical belief in a creator based on reason rather than revelation.

Rene Descartes

French philosopher known for "Cogito ergo sum"

• I think, therefore I am

Coordinate plane - “Cartesian“

Denis Diderot

Editor of the "Encyclopedia," a key work of the Enlightenment.

The Dream of the Red Chamber

Chinese novel by Cao Xueqin depicting Qing dynasty society.

John Knox

Follower of Calvin

Calvinism to Scotland

Modified to become Presbyterian Church

Edict of Nantes

Decree granting religious freedom to French Protestants by Henry IV.

Edward VI

King of England during the Protestant Reformation.

Emile

Education system

Develop senses in nature, then intellectual, then go into society

Girls only serve men

"Enlightened despot" Elizabeth I

English monarch known for her pragmatic rule and support of the arts.

The Encyclopedia

Denis Diderot's collaborative work of Enlightenment knowledge.

28 volumes - all subjects

Marie Thérèse Geoffrin

French salon hostess and supporter of the Encyclopedia.

Haydn

Classical composer

David Hume

Scottish philosopher

"A Treatise of Human Nature"

"An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding."

Illuminated manuscripts

Hand-written books with elaborate decorations, such as intricate designs, illustrations, and gold or silver accents, often created during the Middle Ages.

“The Index“

List of banned pieces of art, literature, and music

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, a religious order within the Catholic Church founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1534.

They are known for their missionary work, education, and influence in various fields.

Immanuel Kant

German philosopher

Critique of Pure Reason

• investigates the nature of human knowledge and reason, exploring the limits and capabilities of understanding.

Kaozheng movement

“research based on evidence“

New directoin

Kepler

Mathematically proved that the planets revolved around the sun.

Carrolus Linnaeus

Naming and classifying of all animals and plant

John Locke

Character shaped by environment

Natural Rights

• life

• liberty

• pursuit of happiness

Mary I

Persecuted Protestants

Bloody Mary

Mirabai

Best loved bhakti poet

Baron de Montesquieu

“The Spirit of the Laws“

• Balance of power

  • Legislative, Executive, Judicial branch

Guru Nanak

Islam and Hinduism are the same

Founded Sikhism

Isaac Newton

Everything follows same laws of motion

Published in Principia

Ninety-Five Theses

Written by Martin Luther

95 issues with Church

Peace of Augsburg

Ended wars

Allowed princes to choose religions of their domain

Peace of Westphalia

End to 30 Years War

All states were sovereign

Principia Mathematica

Laid logic and groundwork for mathematics

• written by Alfred and Bertrand

Romaticism

Emotion, passion, imaginatoin

Arnold Schopenhauer

Known for his work on the nature of reality and the concept of the will.

He is famous for his pessimistic philosophy and influence on later thinkers like Nietzsche.

Sikhism

No castes

Equality

Dev. in Punjab

Part of Bhakti movement

Rousseau

Art, Science - corrupt humans

Civilized people are unhappy

Return to Natural man

social contract (Hobbes)

must always follow leader no matter what

The Social Contract (Rousseau)

All people have equal rights

Outlines “Nobel Savage“ - must live outside, natural man

The Spirit of the Laws

Montesquieu - explains checks and balances

Sufism

Form of Islam

Inward search for God and shuns materialism.

Taki Onqoy movement

Dancing sickness

Possessed by spirits or local gods

Gave disease to European’s

Voltaire

Humor as weapon

Free speech

Wang Yangmin

Anyone can achieve virtous live, even w/o Confucianism

Abd al-Wahhab

Founder of Wahhabism

Wahhabi Movement

Wahabism

Founded by Abd Al-Wahhab

Restore monotheism

End saints

Strict Islamic Law

Eventually became political, shifted to stopping western influence

Mary Wollstonecraft

Woman

“A Vindication of the Rights of Women“

• natural rights apply to women

• equal education

Huldrych Zwingli

Led protestant movement in Switzerland

Salvation from Faith

Calvin

Bible is the final word

Predestination

humans divided into two groups

• elect

• damned

144000 going to heaven