English Grammar Tenses and Vocabulary Word Formation

These flashcards cover English verb tenses (Simple, Continuous, Perfect, and Perfect Continuous across Present, Past, and Future) including structures, usage, and markers, as well as vocabulary word formation families.

Present Simple Structure

$V(+s)$ for third person singular; negative and questions use "do" or "does" (e.g., "He doesn't play the piano").

Present Simple Usage

Used for habitual or constant actions, objective processes in nature/society, future schedules (transport/shops), and time/condition clauses.

Past Simple Structure

$V+ed$ or the 2nd form of the verb; negative and questions use "did" (e.g., "I didn't play the piano").

Past Simple Usage

Used for actions that occurred in the past (single or multiple) with no present connection, or sequential past actions.

Future Simple Structure

$\text{will} + V$; negative is "won't" (e.g., "I won't play the piano").

Future Simple Usage

Used for possible future actions and spontaneous decisions.

Present Continuous Structure

$\text{am/is/are} + V+ing$ (e.g., "They are playing the piano").

Present Continuous Usage

Used for actions happening now (at the moment of speech), planned future actions, or expressing irritation with the word "always."

Past Continuous Structure

$\text{was/were} + V+ing$ (e.g., "I was playing the piano").

Past Continuous Usage

Used for actions in progress at a specific moment in the past or expressing past irritation with "always."

Future Continuous Structure

$\text{will + be} + V+ing$ (e.g., "I will be playing the piano").

Future Continuous Usage

Used for actions that will be in progress at a specific moment in the future.

Present Perfect Structure

$\text{have/has} + V3$ (e.g., "He has played the piano").

Present Perfect Usage

Used for actions completed by the moment of speech where the result is linked to the present/important now, and for permanent situations.

Present Perfect Continuous Structure

$\text{have/has + been} + V+ing$ (e.g., "I have been playing the piano").

Present Perfect Continuous Usage

Used for actions that started in the past and lasted until now (emphasizing duration/process) or recent actions with visible effects.

Past Perfect Structure

$\text{had} + V3$ (e.g., "I had played the piano").

Past Perfect Usage

Used for actions that occurred before a specific moment or another action in the past.

Hardly / Scarcely / No sooner

Expressions used in Past Perfect with inverted word order (question order), such as "Hardly had I left home, when it started raining."

Past Perfect Continuous Structure

$\text{had + been} + V+ing$ (e.g., "I had been playing the piano").

Past Perfect Continuous Usage

Used for a long past action that began before another past action and was still in progress at that moment.

Future Perfect Structure

$\text{will + have} + V3$ (e.g., "I will have played the piano").

Future Perfect Usage

Used for an action that will be completed before a certain moment or action in the future.

Future Perfect Continuous Structure

$\text{will + have + been} + V+ing$ (e.g., "I will have been playing the piano").

Future Perfect Continuous Usage

Used for a long future action that starts before another future action and will be continuing at its onset.

Ability / Disability word family

Includes the terms ability, enable, disabled, and disability.

Absent / Absence

The adjective meaning not present and its noun form.

Abundant / Abundance

The adjective meaning plentiful and its noun form.

Advise / Advice / Advisable

The verb to give counsel, its noun form, and its adjective form.

Accept / Acceptance / Acceptable

The verb to receive, its noun form, and its adjective form (opposite: unacceptable).

Afford / Affordable

The verb meaning to have enough money for something and its adjective form.

Agent / Agency

The term for a person acting on behalf of others and the organization name.