Kaarten: History of Political Ideologies, Authors | Quizlet

Leonardo da Vinci

A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, mathemetician, engineer, and scientist.

Father of the scientific method and empiry.

Believed in scientific method.

-Believed in break with medieval church.

- support of mercantialism = assumes the sovereign in charge of developing the nations income --> designed to maximize export and minimize import, promotes imperialism etc.

Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)

Author of 'il principe'.

Assumed man was inherently bad.

Against religious institutions.

Raison d'état, achieved through all means (peoples army)

Freedom is the involability of private property (this includes family)

- humanist

- went against the current of the view of the leader

- first scientificized human social behavior

- anti-clerical, secular, but not anti-religious: religion is an object, not a spiritual force (= Luther, Hobbes where politics and religion are separate)

- pro-establishment of a people's army (nation-state, people have their country to lose) > mercenaries who fought for money

- private property is inviolable, regime will be tolerated as long as private property is not touched

- politics are separate from ethics and religion, > rationalism

- pro-mercantilist capitalism

- leader is allowed to do everything to reach the goal which is for the benefit of his country (>< more)

Thomas Moore (1478-1535)

Utopia; first part concerning rise of capitalism, ownership and modern poverty

Second party explains his utopian lifestyle of pirmitive communism based on god's will

- man is innately good (>< hobbes, spinoza)

- believes private property is bad and corrupting, should not exist in a perfect world

- economy and man self-sufficient

- indirect election of government

- king can be deposed if tyrannical

- fears newly emerging capitalist order that started increasing impoverishment of people

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

The founder of Protestantism whose religion, based on 95 Theses, rejected Catholic orthodoxy, the sale of indulgences, and papal authority.

Called upon strong leader because he feared radicalization

Medieval economic views

- no need for organized institution (church): liberation of man

- rejects idea of social revolution: crack down on revolution

- religion and politics are separate

- society should be a distributional system: no profit (he's product of agricultural Germany)

- rejects new scientific insights

Calvin (1509-1564)

men's faith is predestined

Profits are a result of good work ethic (early capitalism)

- dogmatic

- man is helpless in the omnipotence of god, fate of man is fixed

- embraced early capitalist order (= niccolo)

- political expression of religious fanatism

- mankind can be perfected for God

- personal responsibility

- rejects new scientific insights

Juan Ginés de Sépulveda

Supported colonizers' interest in the dispute of valladoid

Barbarians are monkeys, natural slaves (aristotle)

Subjegated encomienda (vessels of the crown)

Bartolomé de las Casas (1474-1566)

Spanish Priest who fought for better treatment of the Native Americans in the dispute of valladoid.

-No forces Christianization by war.

-Indigenous people were not heretics who needed to be punished they were not given the opportunity to choose so no violence.

Cromwell

-Leader of the new model army in the glorious revolution

-Opposed the king+ tax reforms it made private property insecure for the citizens.

-New model army= new principle in warfare --> the soldiers where believing in the cause they fought for instead of mercenaries.

Creation of the rump parliament

The levellers

Members of Cromwell's New Model Army who got kicked out --> wanted an extension of the right to vote and elected representatives with 2 years mandate.

-Against institutionalized church.

-Agreement of the people = principle of popular sovereignty , power should be delegated through elections..

-Greatest social fault line = conflict between rich and poor.

-"level" social differences and extend political participation to all male property owners

The diggers

-Argued for economic equality based on the teaching of the apostles.

-Sough to reform existing order.

-First time shisms within the protestant church --> women were considered equal to men before God.

Mary astell

Wrote Serious Proposal to the Ladies that said women were to be better educated.

-Argued for the equality of the sexes in marriage.

-It was men who subjugated women not God so men where insulting God's will.

Hobbes

English philosopher and political theorist best known for his book Leviathan (1651), in which he argues that the only way to secure civil society is through universal submission to the absolute authority of a sovereign.

Homo homini lupus society: man gives in to his impulses, freedom in exchange for protection.

Baruch de Spinoza (1632-1677)

- rationalist thinking (=Hobbes, Machiavelli): the Bible is not scientific

- humans are innately egoistic and remains selfish even after social contract.

-democracy was the only form of state that could balance the various opposing interest within a society.

- power should be decentralized bc people are egoistic and will be forced to come to a compromise, democracy is final form of government.

John Locke

Two treaties of government: 1)king is not divine

2) all men are born free and equal

- social divison resulted from a system of commodity production is only natural

- favors the politically active elite 'Freemen' that are given consent by the population (=the Levellers Lilburne and Overton); sovereignty remains with the people, but law and exe are at the hands of authorities

- role of religion: lead people to accept the existing order of social inequality

- separation of power

- defends owernship and private property (=machiavelli)

- if ruler doesn't fullfil contract obligations it's justified to rebel against him (=more but not abt tyranny)

- defended institution of slavery (ie 'that's just how things are')

- rationalism and empiricism

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

Human isn't purely rational, emotions and passions play a big role

Social contract between people, instead of with a leader

Volonté general, through socio economic and legal equality, advocating direct democracy

- man is not purely rational, he is emotional and passionate by nature

- man is innately good, corrupted by civilization

- pretty egalitarian

- rejects capitalist commodity economy (>< Locke, Macchiavelli, Smith)

- community > individual interests and private property did not serve this

- state should be more centralized (>< the Levellers Lilburne and Overton)

- work shouldn't be for profit (=More), ideal rural communities of farmers

- pro-establishment that protects the public interest aka 'volonté générale'

- social contract: agreement between peolple (sovereignty rests with the people (=Locke, the Levellers))

- Rousseau's emphasis on morals (>< Machiavelli) and quality of education enforced by the state (=a bit socialisty)

Montesquieu (1689-1755)

L'esprit du loi, checks and balances to counter absolutism and give new role to elite

Find a balance between absolutism and anarchy.

- nobleman, judge

- not really pro-separation of powers

- ideal of a modernized state

- restrain people's participation (=the Levellers), a hierarchical system of class is necessary as of 'checks and balances' (='division is natural' of Locke)

Adam Smith

Wrote theory of moral sentiments (about the internalized other) and the wealth of nations (need for invisible hand, laissez faire economy)

Believed in trickle down economics, protestantism had no bias

- partly inspired by Hume's skepticism

- 'wealth of nations': 1) division of labour; 2) laissez-faire or 'free market' principle: state does not intervene in economy, free foreign trade

- production for the sake of production (>< Rousseau, More)

- 'the invisible hand': economics are beyond the control of men, these economics are automatically regulating men

- positive outlook on economy and capitalism (>< Rousseau, More)

Thomas Paine (1737-1809)

- 'On common sense': struggle is not about taxes but rather about gaining independence: the new regime could only be democratic (=Spinoza)

- opposes all powers of hereditary nature, of monarchy in particular

- people must control authorities through their representatives elected by the people and remain under their control (=Rousseau)

- proposed policies term-22of redistribution of resources to lessen the poor-rich division, clear social system (socialistyy)

- "prophet of the modern welfare-state"

Olympe de Gouges

A proponent of democracy, she demanded the same rights for French women that French men were demanding for themselves. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. She lost her life to the guillotine due to her revolutionary ideas.

The directoire

a committee which governed France after the Reign of Terror, advocated equality before the law, but not equality in society

Jacobins

Radical lower bourgeoisie in the french revolution, led by robbespierre.

Advocating abolishment of the monarchy

Girondins

Upper bourgeois organisation in the french revolution, advocating a constitutional monarchy

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Nationalist emphasis.

Edmund Burke (1729-1797)

Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), The French Revolution will eventually get bloody, change should be done gradually.

- Doubted rationality of man

-Social equality is a delusion

-Classical conservatism

- sudden change is too drastic and destructive, harmful unknown effects on society

- human's actions are guided by God (=Calvin), history and traditions are results of His doings

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women.

-Response to Burk arguing for republicanism an attacking the aristocracy.

-Believed revolution an extraordinary opportunity for greater virtue and happiness in this world.

William Godwin

Advocated for the abolishment of the state

Wrote 'political justice' in which he stated that man is malleable and constantly improves himself

Joseph Townsend

A dissertation on the poor laws. = critique of support and assistance for the poor in society.

If the weak were kept alive, this caused population growth and famine.

Natural laws = independent of the existence of a government.

People = animals and that was his reason that minimal government was needed.

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)

"an essay on the principle of population"

- Large population will lead to war, famine & disease which would affect the poor the most

-Need for positive checks and moral restraints

against poor care

- growth of food supply and humans (consumers) is not the same so there's always a shortage: justified denial of high wages

- feared if families became smaller, urge to work would decrease

- did not believe in the perfectibility of men: man is irrational and passionate

Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)

laid the foundations of utilitarianism. (quantity of pleasure) = every human act is measured by its effects - whether or not it contributes to the increase of well-being or general happiness

- government should control the actions of its citizens that the community achieves overall state of well-being, not just favouring one class (=Rousseau)

- systematic and societal perfection is definable and possible (>

David Ricardo

Principles of Political Economy and Taxation

- A nations income equals to its interests, profits and wages.

- Large landowners vs Industrial bourgeoisie

-Low grain prizes cause high profits, need to abolish corn laws

-Comparative advantages

- foreign trade good

- industrial profits are a derivate of those realized in agriculture

- labour value theory: free market ensures that value (labor) and price coincide: exploitation of workers is not possible as all is an equal exchange, wage is natural, enforcing higher wages will go against the free market

- wage will increase with constant economic growth and demand for labour which will become scarce and more valuable

Babeuf

Formed the conspiracy of equals, an extremist group to overthrow the directory and install a communist like government with a dictator.

Distribution according to needs

Robert Owen (1771-1858)

- founded cooperative communities (1771-1858)

- one of the pioneers for workers' movement

- rendered the conditions at his cotton mill for workers = more agreeable and humane believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment.

--> Tested his theories at New Lanark mill = success

But New Harmony, Indiana failed.

-Foundations of trade unionism

Henri de Saint-Simon

-Utopian socialist who wanted a society led by intellectuals providing for the welfare of the lowest classes

-The strength of a state laid at its industry, not its military

abolishing traditional ideas.

- defines industrial class as all those who produce (not just haute bourgeoisie): a moral category, they spend their days working unlike aristocrats

- founder of saint-simonism: movement that believed in growth of science and industry

- believed government planning could aid the economy (>< Adam Smith)

- poverty should be reduced in a strongly layered society

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

- precursor of anarchism

- state attacks individual freedom

- the workers' strategy could not be aimed at conquering state power

- state could only be destroyed and replaced by a federated system

- economy should be built on mutualism: Mutual contracts should be concluded between these communes, so that a network of agreements starting from the base spun society

- "The true laws come from the essence of society, they do not come from any authority."

- society is a coexistence of free individuals, and may not go beyond or against that freedom.

- everyone has a moral standard by which to test their behaviour

- social individualism

- Proudhon was not in favour of the abolition of private property, he was the defender of the producer

- Concentration of ownership and capitalism is primarily a moral problem

Auguste Blanqui (1805-1881)

-A spokesperson for terror and violence, he sought the abolition of capitalism and government, urging the development of professional revolutionaries 'coup d'état'.

- la société des saison: radical movement

- the general right to vote could, except for Paris, only lead to a strengthening of the political right

- The ruling classes had an ideological hold on large parts of the people (who were not politically educated)

- a small conscious group had to seize power and install a transitional regime that would implement a policy in the interest of the masses, so that it could also be educated politically

- coup > revolution

Immanuel Kant

Fundamental questions (what can i know, what can i do, what can i hope for)

States that the person is central in knowing - transcendental idealism (transcends experience and observation)

white male equality before the law, gvmt needs to regulate people's conflicts

Hegel

Was a German philosopher who wrote and influenced many others (like Marx) with his writings.

advocated absolute idealism - the idea is reachable.

The dialectic method, reason can only grasp something in it's context

He is most often characterized by his 'three-step process' of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis or dialectic evolution

Freedom central in history (freedom to merge into larger community) history of masters and servants

3 levels of freedom (1, family 2, civil community 3,state)

Benjamin constant

Made the distinction between freedom of the ancients (collective power, no private sphere) and freedom of the modern (freedom protecting privacy)

Fear that masses will control minorities through democracy

Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859)

Stated that the revolutions are democratic revolutions

They are irreversible (fear of tyranny of the masses)

Glorified american liberalism and democracy, apologist for colonization

.oted for his analysis of American institutions (1805-1859)

- aristocrat, defender of democracy

- equality in the sense that everyone is entitled to income to satisfy his needs

- fear of 'Vermassung'

- geographic decentralization of power because of countryside vs rulers viewpoint differences

- develop civic sense of reponsibility

John Stuart Mill

-Basic principles of liberalism

-Favored abolition of slavery BUT individual rights only applies to white's

-Progress is necessary but can only come when there is freedom but only to the civilized world.

-Government had to be there for the people --> could not impose happiness BUT create conditions where all citizens could achieve maximum happiness.

-Freedom of the individual had to be protected against the power of the majority.

-Freedom of speech even when there is false opinions

--> productive for society, they can now be corrected.

- government must not solely rely on 'popular favor'

- Mill's dilemma: the majority has rights but the false idea proposed by that majority is not any more correct if it's defended by it: 'misrepresentation'

- action is good but no one should be harmed when it is taken

- pro-self-determination of the individual: freedom of the individual is a condition for achieving a more egalitarian society

- fractions that want to enforce their ideas in a dogmatic way in the name of 'what's right'.

Frederich Douglass

-First african-american voices for the abolition of the institution after this escape from slavery.

-Rejected the thesis that black's lacked intellectual capacity to be free.

-Equality for all people.

-

Karl Marx

-Labled his theory as scientific socialism.

-Labor theory of Value = goods which labor time is reflected, a time that can be sold and bought. = but wages did not reflect the labor but the cost to keep laborers alive.

-The surplus value = created by the workers that is not part of the real cost of producing. The heart of exploitation essential to capitalism.

-Stages of history: Primitive communism -> slavery -> feudalism -> capitalism -> socialism -> communism.

Commune of Paris

The Paris commune was a revolutionary government that seized power in Paris, from March 18 to May 28, 1871

-3 ideologies found the commune as a source of inspiration.

Communism - who saw in it the harbringer of proletariat revolution.

Socialists - who saw in social welfare a policy of redistribution in favor of the poor.

Anarchist - who saw in the libertarian direct organization of the experiment an alternative to the state.

Max Stirner

- Stirner is example for hyper-individualist anarchist.

-Anarchism is stuck between strict individualism and collectivism

-Human action driven by ego.

-There is nothing above me.

-Laying foundation of radical, self-centered development based on individual autonomy.

Mikhail Bakunin

- social anarchism

- every institution (including religious institutions) was an attack on human freedom

- the patriarchal family structures as an oppressive system i.e women remain slaves to their husbands condemned to humiliation and servitude.

-the goal was revolution but only to make anew society possible.

Peter Kropotkin

-rejected violence as strategy.

-believed in a stateless society where freedom and equality would reign in self-organized communes.

- argued for the importance of cooperation and mutual aid.

-called himslef a communist anarchist.

Clara zetkin

A German Marxist theorist, activist, and advocate for women's rights. laid foundation of social feminism.

-gender inequality as a socio-economic fact.

-emancipation of women is an important part of class struggle. --> solution to full emancipation is solving the social question.

-patriarchy and capitalism were two parallel systems that maintained oppression of women.

-wage inequality will lead to a competition between the genders.

-Patriarchy will prevail as long as capitalism stands

Nana Asma'u

female West African Muslim teache.

-wrote philosophical texts and educated women to substitute Muslim for traditional African beliefs

Huda Sha'rawi

Part of a growing feminist movement during the interwar period, this Egyptian woman returned to Cairo in 1923 where she founded an organization demanding women's rights.

-advocated with islamic theologians and intellectuals the need for family law reforms --> abolition of polygamy--> wanted women to have greater say in marriage bond.

Emma Goldman

Feminist anarchism, liberating women by breaking down the institutions.

-fighting the subjugation of women by patriarchy.

De maistre

Traditional values and beliefs are absolutely pivotal to maintain social order. This means, where necessary, maintaining monarchic rule to avoid civil unrest and revolution (as was happening in France & the America at the time)

Rerum novarum

(1891) Papal encyclical of Leo XIII (1878-1903) that upheld the right of private property but criticized the inequities of capitalism. It recommended that Catholics form political parties and trade unions to redress the poverty and insecurity fostered under capitalism.

Kulturkampf

Bismarck's anticlerical campaign to expel Jesuits from Germany and break off relations with Vatican. Eventually, after little success, Bismarck halted these policies.

Risorgimento

"Renewal, to be born" movement in Italy to recreate a strong, unified Italian nation-state.

Disputing with the roman church that wanted an ecclesiastical state

August Comte

- father of positivism

- only one single order can exist (=Hegel)

- "savoir pour prévoir": social problems can be resolved by science

- human's thinking underwent three phases: 1) gnosticism 2) metaphysical stage 3) positivism: establish facts and arrange them to arrive at societal laws

- does not wish to disrupt order or social unity (=Burke)

- social division can be justified and must be kept with 'spiritual power' (=Sun Yatsen)

- government has to goals: progress and order

Herbert Spencer

British, developed a system of philosophy based on the theory of evolution

- believed in the primacy of personal freedom and reasoned thinking.

- sought to develop a system whereby all human endeavours could be explained rationally and scientifically.

- "survival of the fittest"

- 'this is how it should be'

- 'tooth-and-claw': if government refrains from intervention and allows nature to do its work: we would have reached a super-civilization by now

- wanted to get rid of state support of education because 'those who are intelligent have enough money to pay for their studies'

Gaetano Mosca (1858-1941)

-Organic thinking = society as a living organism.

-Society consist of two classes = one ruling and one dominated. --> the ruling class ( powerful minority) that was important is all societal sectors.

Critique on democracy, only the minority of the ruling elite is important

Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923)

-Societies consists of two groups= a powerless mass and the powerful elites.

-Elites separated into two groups = non-ruling/ruling.

Circular theory of elites:

foxes (innovators) and lions (conservatives)

when the power of the lions comes in wane, foxes use sly tactics to grab power.

War was an international natural selection process.

Joseph de Gobineau

-The french aristocracy was a pure race because is had avoided mixed marriages in history.

-Race mixing would only lead to chaos and degradation.

-The aryan race ( white french aristocracy) was the most intelligent rae and the best able to create civilization.

Huston Stewart Chamberlain

-Only the aryan race were capable of great things.

- Only Germanic people were capable of delveloping creative culture.

-Danger was race mixing with inferior races = leads to decay.

-The jewish scapegoat for all that's bad--> German can't mix with inferiority of Jews

Zionism

A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine.

Dreyfus Affair

A divisive case in which a Jewish captain in the French army, was falsely accused and convicted of treason. The Catholic Church sided with the anti-Semites against Dreyfus; after Dreyfus was declared innocent, the French government severed all ties between the state and the church.

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)

-Radical questioning of the value and objectivity of truth.

-His key ideas include the death of God.

-Christianity was the great culprit = it had denied and fettered the true nature of man. --> only offered a slave morality that tamed man.

-Herrenmoral was aggressive and unwilling to be limited by anyone or anything = aristocratic morality --> not for everyone.

-Ubermenschen were destined to rule and did not need to care about the majority.

= gap between aristocracy elite and submissive mass.

-other ideologies opposed danger to the Herrenmoral.

Politics as an art, masses are meant to be oppressed (slave morality)

George Sorel

Extreme nationalist and revolutionary socialist who believed that violence was central in the workers' revolution. The need for revolutionary syndicalism

Not political parties but an intuitive force

Abd Al-Rahman al-jabarti

Egyptian scholar who criticized the French, claimed they had no respect/morals upon the arrival of napoleon. Though he looked up to the well organized french army

Khayr al-Din al-Tunisi

Reformed tunisia on the basis of moslaha (common good). Recourced own tradition and added western values (moderate reaction)

Simon Bolivar

South American revolutionary nicknamed "the Liberator"

José Marti

Cuban writer and independence fighter; he was killed in battle but became a symbol of Cuba's fight for freedom.

Implemented marxist economy with toleration of religion

Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (1839-1897)

A Muslim thinker in the 1850's who argued that the Muslims needed to become more open, scientific (ijtihad) and borrow technology also advocated the notion of pan-Islamic unity (though he was nationalistic).

Criticized the talqid (blind tradition)

Mohammed Abduh

Egyptian scholar, who loved Europe, who respected the legal, political, and educational institutions of the West, but did not think it could be transplanted wholesale into a religious country. Believed it was essential to graft modern legal and constitutional innovations on to traditional Islamic ideas that the people could understand. (Update shariah)

He believed that all had islamic origin but that got lost trough decadence.

"europe has islam but no muslims, egypt has muslims but no islam"

Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi

a Syrian author and Pan-Arab solidarity supporter. He was one of the most prominent intellectuals of his time; however, his thoughts and writings continue to be relevant to the issues of Islamic identity and Pan-Arabism

Notion of internal other (the turk) and external other (the european)

Meji Restoration

1867; The policy of Japan to reverse its isolation and replace the feudal rulers of the shogun and increase the power of the emperor. Japan needs to become an equal to the west.

Yoshida Shoin

Conviced that only a strong emperor could cope with foreign influence. his ideas were pragmatics to his political goals.

Fukuzawa Yukichi

Goal to make japanese state strong enough to compete with the west --> liberal and egalitarian principles.

education for women and low strata could weaken the state.

argued for civilization could take man to a higher level through the quest for knowledge and the pursuit for virtue. He became a conservative thinker.

Kato Hiroyuki

Onlt an enlightened form of despotism could bring gradual change and protect japan from western imperialism

Kang Youwei

1858-1927. A Confucian scholar, imperial loyalist, and leader of the Hundred Days Reform in the late 19th century.

Advocated for the preservation of imperial structured BUT believed reforms would make China able to enter the modern world.

Confucianism became a religion in the image of christianity or islam.

Diciple Liang Qichao,

Liang Qichao

Believed the empire was not strong enough for political reform. associations of elites to discuss political and social changes needed to be done; prolific writer, promoted social darwinism, began to develop notion of nation, wanted high population of educated people; however when his teachings became very radical, conservatives and moderate reformers became apprehensive

Middle kingdom China

Qing Dynasty -> Empress Cixi-> with a conservative policy that combined military innovation / modernization with an inflexible conservative policy further isolated China from world events.

Guesde

French revisionist, opposed Jaures' policy and believed that socialists couldn't support bourgeois cabinet. Workers party as the enemy of the bourgeoisie

jean jaures

French revisionist socialist who repudiated revisionist doctrines to achieve a unified socialist state. Collaboration between bourgeoisie and socialists. Pacifist

Karl Kautsky

Led the Efurt Program in Germany. Argued that because capitalism must collapse, the immediate task for socialist would be to improve workers' lives rather than to work for revolution, which would be inevitable anyway.

Wainted to build up the party first, got criticized for his waint and see attitude

Edward bernstein

(1850-1932), revisionist, argued that Marx's predictions had proved false, suggested socialists should combine with progressive forces to win gradual evolutionary gains for workers through legislation, unions and further economic development.

Socialism as the democratized version of capitalism

Rosa Luxembourg

German revolutionary who criticized revisionism.

advocated the need for a spartacus uprising in a conscious popular mass, emphasizing the need for spontaneity

Mensheviks

the minority party that opposed the Bolsheviks; wanted peaceful socialism; revolution could only happen after capitalist development. were disorganized

Bolsheviks

A party of revolutionary Marxists, led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in Russia in 1917.

They advocated immediate revolution (opposed the mensheviks)

George Plekhanov

Father of Russian Marxism; realized that the revolution would begin with the proletariat, not the peasants.

First needed was a bourgeois revolution (minimum program) to then lead to a proletarian revolution (maximum program). Need for a capitalist phase

Lenin

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924).

Advocated a vanguard party to lead the proletariat towards revolution.

-Democratic Centralism = consiting of freedom of discussion, unity of action. --> served as one of the source to the split between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.

Trotsky

Said that soviet cannot exist alone. it needs to promote a permanent revolution in other countries otherwise soviet will be isolated. Believed that the new economic policy was a step back from the socialist ideal.

The state capitalism had created a new class that controlled economic decisions = new oppressor for the bourgeoisie.

Comintern

was an international Communist organization founded in Moscow in March 1919. The International intended to fight "by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and for the creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the State."

Their 21 conditions provided a distinction with socialism

Stalin

head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)

-forced industrialization

-collective argucultre

Advocated that a strong party is more important than the revolution

Ghandi

Leader of Indian National Congress, used non-violent protest to help gain Indian Independence.

Modern world has become too materialistic.

Hidni Swaraj.

Moral decay. no moral compass.hypocrisy of colonialism.

All humans are victims --> still a difference is who is most oppressed.

Fought against western decadence and hindu nationalism.

Muhammad Iqbal

Indian, muslim philopher who wanted to rethink islam based around the self. Assertive for of islam were individualism would be the basis of humanitys salvation.

Two nation theory (muslim's can't live as minority)

Shaped the idea of Pakistan.

Rashid Rida

Islamic revisionist who took the anti-imperialist ideas of al aghani and the modernization ideas of abduh to emphasize conservative islamic aspects for the common good.

Advocated an islamic unity under the caliphate

Raziq

Anti-caliphate, stated that islam isn't the basis for politics.

Négritude

Literary movement in Africa; attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture; celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique; associated with origins of African nationalist movements.

Mao Zedong and Chinese Revolution

Chinese communist leader, advocated the sinification of Marxism. Fought against the guonmindang when Kai Shek came to power, drove away the Japanese with his red army and guerilla tactics

Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925)

Chinese revolutionary and founder of the Nationalist Party in China

- elected president in the southern China; main task to unify China

- unification of the country: tie the Chinese to the homeland: 1) traditional wisdom 2) Western Technology

- elitist: belived in natural unequal distribution of talents, society divides into rulers and the subjects (=Vilfredo Pareto)

- ideal mixed state: controlled private capital and foreign capital can coexist with a state sector

Mao Zedong (1893-1976)

Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Chiang Kai-Shek and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China.

- leader and mouthpiece of Communist Party

- farmers as central agents of revolution

- 'sinification of struggle': adaptation of Marxism-Leninism to the Chinese context

- opposed old values and norms but acknowledges China's cultural legacy

- if an ideology in correct it will be proven in practice

- defender of Stalin

- collectivization of agriculture, establishing communes;

- disconnect performance from income

- insured income

- egalitarian society, disappearance of bureaucracy, power to the masses

- campaigns against the intellectuals

- succeeded by Deng

John M.Keynes

Created the term keynesianism = The collapse of economic output were the result of declining demand and argued for the government intervention to regulate the market by incuring debts and investing them into the economy to restore purchasing power. --> Built the foundations of a welfare state

Divided left

Competition for influence between the (1)communist (2)the social democrat (3) Trotskyist i.e international.