The Third Crusade, Kerridge

What impact did the fall of Jerusalem allegedly have on Pope Urban III?

It hastened his death.

Who was Pope Gregory VIII's predecessor and what was the name of the papal bull he issued for a new crusade?

Pope Urban III, the papal bull was 'Audita tremendi'.

What were the two significant actions of Pope Gregory VIII's pontificate?

He healed the rift between Genoa and Pisa, and restored good relations with the Holy Roman Emperor.

Who was instrumental in preaching the Third Crusade and later became Pope?

Cardinal Paulino Scolari, later known as Pope Clement III.

Who arrived in Tyre between the battles of Hattin and the fall of Jerusalem, and why were they significant?

Conrad of Montferrat and companions, their arrival boosted morale and offered leadership.

Who was Guy de Lusignan and what was his significance prior to the Third Crusade?

He was the King of Jerusalem from 1186 to 1192.

Why did Guy de Lusignan decide to siege Acre?

He wanted to regain his kingdom but was denied entry to Tyre by Conrad.

What was significant about Guy's siege of Acre?

It lasted from August 1189 to July 1191, and a victory for the crusaders was a major blow to Saladin’s prestige.

List reasons why Frederick Barbarossa would make a strong crusading leader.

He was the most powerful ruler in Europe and had a fierce reputation in battle.

What was Frederick Barbarossa's strained relationship with the Pope about?

Urban III refused to crown Henry as co-emperor due to his betrothal to Constance of Sicily.

What factors led Frederick's desire to take the cross at the Council of Mainz in 1188?

He aimed to improve relations with Pope Gregory VIII.

Why was there a focus on the protection of the Jewish population during the Crusades?

The papal bull 'Sicut Judaeis' urged protection under threat of excommunication.

What problems existed between Frederick and Philip von Heinsberg?

Frederick expanded his territories during the 1170s.

What evidence suggests that Frederick and Philip repaired their relationship before the crusade?

Philip accompanied Frederick's son Henry and facilitated contributions to the crusade.

What was the 'land peace' regarding Frederick's preparations?

It was an effort to regulate conflicts and ensure stability in his absence.

How did Frederick plan to travel to Jerusalem?

By the land route through Byzantium and Anatolia.

How did Isaac II (Byzantine Emperor) respond to Frederick's requests for assistance?

He achieved nothing in response.

Why did Isaac II refuse Frederick's assistance?

Due to an existing agreement with Saladin and fears of Frederick's ambitions in the Balkans.

What was Kilij Arlsan II's response to Frederick’s requests for safe passage?

He did not grant safe passage through Anatolia.

What does Frederick's negotiation suggest about his primary objective?

His main goal was to capture Jerusalem.

How did Frederick learn from the Second Crusade regarding recruitment and finance?

He ensured his expedition was prepared for two years and included necessary financial planning.

Summarize the judgment given regarding Frederick Barbarossa’s planning.

He adequately prepared for his absence but ultimately failed to reach Outremer.

Who was the first western ruler to take the cross, and when did this occur?

Richard I in autumn 1187 at the cathedral at Tours.

Why were Philip of France and Henry II angry regarding Richard's taking of the cross?

They felt he should have sought their permission before enlisting.

What motivated Richard to go on the crusade?

His high military ambitions, piety, and desire for reputation.

When did Philip and Henry agree to take the cross?

In January 1188 after a sermon by the Archbishop of Tyre.

What conflicts arose between Philip, Richard, and Henry after taking the cross?

Richard was angered that Henry favored John over him as heir.

What happened to Henry II, and what is believed to have caused it?

He died of heartbreak upon discovering John's betrayal.

How did Richard raise money for the crusade?

He introduced the Saladin Tithe, a 10% tax on income and movable property.

What was Richard’s rationale for sailing to the Holy Land?

To leave poor non-combatants behind and bring only trusted individuals.

What financial arguments support the idea that Richard and Philip were motivated by money?

They agreed to split any gains made during the crusade 50-50.

What is a counterarguement to the belief that finance was their primary motivation?

Crusading required considerable resources and often resulted in loss of life.

How had the relationship between Philip and Richard changed since Henry's death?

There was no longer a limit to their ambitions, leading to increased conflict.

Why was there conflict between Richard and Philip over Alice?

Alice was betrothed to Richard, complicating political and familial alliances.

How strong is the relationship between Richard and Philip at this point?

It is poor and contentious, marked by self-interest and rivalry.

What was 'Philip’s Testament' and how effective was it?

It delegated power in France and allowed citizen participation.

What problems might Richard face after Philip left the Third Crusade?

He would need to be vigilant against potential trouble caused by Philip and John.

What arrangements did Richard put in place before departing?

He endowed John with land and appointed William Marshall as a councillor.

How many men did Frederick bring on crusade?

Between 15,000 and 30,000 men.

How did Frederick handle issues in the Byzantine Empire?

He formed alliances to ensure safe passage through hostile territories.

What conflict arose between Frederick and the Byzantine Empire?

Frederick faced hostility and harassment from local inhabitants.

How did Isaac react to Frederick's requests, and what measures did Frederick take in response?

Isaac imprisoned envoys, leading Frederick to retaliate and threaten action against Byzantium.

What challenges did Frederick face entering Anatolia?

He encountered continuous harassment and shortage of supplies.

What evidence is there of Frederick's success by mid-May 1190?

He reached Iconium, defeated the sultan's son, and negotiated supplies.

How did Saladin react to Frederick's approach?

He received reinforcements to counter the threat posed to his forces.

What happened to Frederick while crossing the river Saleph?

He drowned, significantly weakening the German contingent.

Who took charge of the German forces after Frederick’s death?

Duke Leopold of Austria.

What outcomes might have been different had Frederick not died?

A potentially earlier fall of Acre and 30,000 more troops available.

What impact did Frederick's death have on Saladin?

It relieved pressure on Saladin as crusaders awaited further reinforcements.

Where did Philip and Richard first meet during their plans for the crusade?

At Vézelay on 2 July 1190.

What was one sign of conflict between Philip and Richard before reaching the Holy Land?

They separated at Lyon and had disagreements over ships and routes.

Why was Sicily vital to the Third Crusade?

It was intended as a launchpad for crusader forces.

What conflict arose between Richard and Tancred in Sicily?

Richard demanded the payment of a dowry owed to his sister.

What positive outcomes came from Richard's actions in Sicily?

He demonstrated military skill and secured pivotal agreements.

How did Philip’s absence from the control of the crusade impact Richard?

It allowed him autonomy but made him vulnerable to threats at home.

What was Richard's reaction to Isaac Ducas Comnenus' actions in Cyprus?

He pursued Isaac, captured him, and leveraged Cyprus as a safe haven.

How did Richard demonstrate further martial prowess before reaching Acre?

He prepared alliances and demonstrated tactical skill during naval battles.

What notable events occurred upon Richard's arrival at Acre?

He was received with great enthusiasm and rallied the troops.

What actions did Richard and Philip take despite being ill?

They continued to provide support and command from their sickbeds.

What evidence suggests Richard was assertive in negotiations after the siege of Acre?

His insistence on military action despite internal disagreements among leaders.

How did Richard insult Leopold of Austria after capturing Acre?

He removed Leopold's banner from the city, leading to future conflict.

What prompted Philip to leave the crusade?

He cited illness but also needed to assert his claim to Flanders.

Why might Philip's departure cause challenges for Richard?

It left Richard vulnerable and exposed to conspiracies against him.

What steps did Richard take regarding the succession crisis in Jerusalem?

Guy would keep the crown until death; Conrad would follow.

What were the terms of surrender for Acre?

3,000 Muslim prisoners would aid in rebuilding defenses.

Why did Richard change his mind about executing prisoners?

After a one-month wait with no sign of goodwill from Saladin, he opted for slaughter.

What tactics did the Muslim powers use to harass the crusaders?

Horse archers attacked from a distance, surrounded knights, using confusion tactics.

What did the discipline of the crusader leadership demonstrate during combat?

They coordinated effectively under pressure and maintained tight formations.

Where did Saladin attack Richard’s army?

In the forest north of Arsuf.

What factors contributed to the failure of Richard's initial battle plan at Arsuf?

Two knights did not hold their positions during the assault.

What evidence shows Richard’s military leadership during the battle of Arsuf?

His decision to perform a full charge inspired confidence and victory.

What evidence from Conrad shows disunity among Christian leaders?

Conrad sought a treaty with Saladin, undermining a united front against him.

How did Richard's negotiations with Saladin evolve?

They began through al-Adil, with marriage proposals for further alliances.

What proposal did Richard suggest to Saladin regarding al-Adil?

His sister Joan marry al-Adil and rule Jerusalem together.

What challenges did Richard face during the winter of 1191?

Harsh weather caused supply issues despite high morale.

Why did Richard decide against besieging Jerusalem?

Military advisors warned of potential disaster if caught between defenders and reinforcements.

What problems were escalating for Richard during the crusade?

John's rebellion and lack of French support worsened the situation.

What decision was made regarding the claims of Conrad and Guy?

Conrad was deemed more worthy to be king, and Richard compensated Guy with Cyprus.

Why didn't Conrad become king of Jerusalem?

He was assassinated before his coronation.

Why was the rumor of Richard’s involvement in Conrad’s assassination damaging?

It gave Philip tactical leverage in France.

How did Richard demonstrate respect for advice during his leadership?

He routinely consulted Military Orders and held councils for strategy.

What demonstrated Richard’s intelligence in reconnaissance during the crusade?

Ambushing an Egyptian army after learning of their movements.

What caused divisions among crusader forces in July 1192?

Different strategic aims between Richard's forces and those of the Military Orders.

Why did both Saladin and Richard want to negotiate towards the end?

The pressure of recent defeats and threats at home demanded resolution.

Where did Saladin conduct attacks to weaken Christian control?

Around Jaffa.

What evidence shows strong leadership by Richard during battles of Jaffa?

He led counterattacks, rallied his troops, and fiercely fought despite being outnumbered.

Why did Richard feel compelled to return to Europe?

He needed to address conspiracies by Philip and John.

What agreement did Richard and Saladin reach regarding Jerusalem?

Christian pilgrims would be allowed access while Saladin retained control.

Who is seen as the perceived winner of the negotiations at the end of the crusade?

Both sides gained something but tensions remained high.

What were some positive outcomes of the Third Crusade?

Secured territories, allowed pilgrim access, recognized Richard's leadership.

What evidence suggests divisions among Christian powers during the Third Crusade?

Conflicts over leadership and differing ambitions among leaders.

List some successes made by the Christians during the Third Crusade.

Gains such as Acre and Jaffa, and influential military strategies involving the Orders.

What were the failures or limitations faced by Christians during the Third Crusade?

Inadequate unity and the death of strong leaders leading to weakened forces.

To what extent was Richard I the strongest leader of the Third Crusade?

He demonstrated considerable leadership, military skill, yet faced significant internal conflicts.

To what extent was Saladin able to prevent the Christian powers from succeeding during the Third Crusade?

Saladin effectively countered while also dealing with significant internal issues.