Exam 2 Review

Zoonosis

An infection or infectious disease transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to humans.

Vector

An insect or any living carrier that transports an infectious agent from infected individuals or their waste to a susceptible individual or its food/immediate surroundings.

Zoonotic Disease

Pathogen transmitted directly from animal to human (e.g., rabies via bite from a dog).

Vector-borne Disease

Pathogen transmitted indirectly from animal to human via a vector (e.g., malaria via mosquito).

One Health

An approach that tackles shared health threats by considering human, animal, plant, and environmental health.

Groundwater

Naturally stored water in underground aquifers.

Water Stress

A condition occurring when a country's annual supply of renewable freshwater is between 1,000 and 1,700 cubic meters per person.

Water Scarcity

Occurs when a country's annual supply of renewable freshwater is less than 1,000 cubic meters per person.

Waterborne Diseases

Conditions transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated water where water acts as a passive carrier of the infectious agent.

Clean Water Act

Regulates pollutant discharges into waters to protect public health from contaminated drinking water.

Safe Drinking Water Act

Authorizes the EPA to establish minimum standards to protect tap water in the United States.

Hazardous Waste

Waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment.

Water Quality

freedom from waterborne diseases and hazards

Water Supply

adequate amount/availability of water

Source Water

untreated water (raw water) used to produce drinking water

Finished Water

water (e.g., drinking water) delivered through a distribution system for human use after treatment (if any provided)

Surface Water

from rivers, lakes, reservoirs, oceans, etc

Aquifer

Groundwater, A layer or section of earth that contains water, Water stored naturally underground, Supply springs and wells

Renewable Water

freshwater that is continuously replenished by the hydrological cycle for withdrawal within reasonable time limits

Nonrenewable Water

water in aquifers and other natural reservoirs that is not recharged by the hydrological cycle or is recharged so slowly that significant withdrawal for human use causes depletion

Watershed

area of land that contains a common set of streams and rivers that all drain into a single larger body of water, such as a larger river, a lake or an ocean

Impacts of Stormwater Runoff

generated when precipitation from rain and snowmelt events flows over land or impervious surfaces (paved streets, parking lots, and building rooftops) and does not percolate into the ground; Potential for pollutants from these sources to runoff into water supplies

Waste Disposal

Rapid depletion of US dump sites, Growing output of solid wastes in the 21st century, less developed countries are introducing liquid wastes directly into waterways and oceans without adequate processing, Impacting drinking water and aquatic environments

Four Main Dimensions of Municipal Solid Waste Management

Recycling, Landfilling, Composting, Combustion

Hierarchy of Waste Management

source reduction and reuse, recycling/composting, energy recovery, treatment and disposal

five stages of water treatment

coagulation: Removal of dirt and other particles suspended in water, Aluminum sulfate and other chemicals added to water to form tiny, sticky particles called “floc” which attract dirt particles, sedimentation: Heavy particles settle to bottom of sedimentation tank and the clear water moves to filtration, filtration: Water passes through filters made of sand, gravel, and charcoal that help remove smaller particles, disinfection: Small amount of chlorine added to kill any bacteria or microorganisms in the water, storage: Water is placed in a closed tank or reservoir and flows through pipes to homes and businesses in the community