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Water Quality
freedom from waterborne diseases and hazards
Water Supply
adequate amount/availability of water
Source Water
untreated water (raw water) used to produce drinking water
Finished Water
water (e.g., drinking water) delivered through a distribution system for human use after treatment (if any provided)
Surface Water
from rivers, lakes, reservoirs, oceans, etc
Aquifer
Groundwater, A layer or section of earth that contains water, Water stored naturally underground, Supply springs and wells
Renewable Water
freshwater that is continuously replenished by the hydrological cycle for withdrawal within reasonable time limits
Nonrenewable Water
water in aquifers and other natural reservoirs that is not recharged by the hydrological cycle or is recharged so slowly that significant withdrawal for human use causes depletion
Watershed
area of land that contains a common set of streams and rivers that all drain into a single larger body of water, such as a larger river, a lake or an ocean
Impacts of Stormwater Runoff
generated when precipitation from rain and snowmelt events flows over land or impervious surfaces (paved streets, parking lots, and building rooftops) and does not percolate into the ground; Potential for pollutants from these sources to runoff into water supplies
Waste Disposal
Rapid depletion of US dump sites, Growing output of solid wastes in the 21st century, less developed countries are introducing liquid wastes directly into waterways and oceans without adequate processing, Impacting drinking water and aquatic environments
Four Main Dimensions of Municipal Solid Waste Management
Recycling, Landfilling, Composting, Combustion
Hierarchy of Waste Management
source reduction and reuse, recycling/composting, energy recovery, treatment and disposal
five stages of water treatment
coagulation: Removal of dirt and other particles suspended in water, Aluminum sulfate and other chemicals added to water to form tiny, sticky particles called “floc” which attract dirt particles, sedimentation: Heavy particles settle to bottom of sedimentation tank and the clear water moves to filtration, filtration: Water passes through filters made of sand, gravel, and charcoal that help remove smaller particles, disinfection: Small amount of chlorine added to kill any bacteria or microorganisms in the water, storage: Water is placed in a closed tank or reservoir and flows through pipes to homes and businesses in the community