The brain

what does the neural tube cavity become

central canal of the spinal cord and ventricles of brain

what does the walls of the neural tube become

2 cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata and cerebellum, neurons and glial cells

what are ventricles

chambers traveling down the brain’s embryological center to spinal cord where they distribute nourishment sand provide protection for brain

where is csf produced

choroid plexus

what are the ventricles in the brain

2 lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle

what separates the two lateral ventricles near the front of the structures

septum pellucidum

location of third ventricle

diencephalon

what connects the third and fourth ventricle via the midbrain

cerebral aqueduct

location of fourth ventricle

between pons and cerebellum

shape of fourth ventricle

diamond shaped and large

superior to inferior order of ventricle

1. lateral ventricles

2. interventricular Forman

3. third ventricle

4. cerebral aqueduct

5. fourth ventricle

6. central canal of medulla + spinal cord

how does csf return to blood

via arachnoid granulations that allow the dural venous sinuses to absorb csf

organization of brain(out to in)

1. cortex(grey matter)

2. white matter

   1. within it is nuclei(grey matter)

   2. and ventricles

Commissural tracts:

connect the right and left sides of the brain

Projection tracts

connect higher and lower regions of CNS(ascending or descending)

Association tracts

in cerebrum and connects one part of cortex with adjacent regions in the same hemisphere

lobes of the the cerebral hemispheres

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal and insular

longitudinal fissure

separate right and left hemispheres

central sulcus

divides the frontal and parietal loves

lateral sulcus

divides the temporal from the frontal and parietal lobes

parieto-occipital sulcus

divides the parietal and occipital lobes

what is the site of the primary motor cortex

precentral gyrus

location of primary somatosensory cortex

postcentral gyrus

location of primary visual cortex

occipital lobe

location of primary auditory cortex

temporal lobe

location of primary olfactory cortex

temporal lobe

location of primary gustatory cortex

parietal and insular lobes

what are multimodal association areas

functional regions throughout cortex that integrate output from multiple senses

example of multimodal associate area

pre-frontal cortex

function of pre frontal cortex

social interactions and personality

basal ganglia/nuclei

cluster of gray matter that regulates movement initiation and coordinated control of antagonistic muscle pairs(biceps vs tricepts)

what separates the two parts of the basal nuclei

internal capsule

internal capsule

large bundle of projection and association tracts

location of amygdala and hippocampus

inferior to basal nuclei

role of amygdala

memory, decision making and emotional response

role of hippocampus

spatial memory and navigation

location of corpus callosum

middle of brain covering other structures

corpus callosum is the largest

commissural tract

what structures are apart of the diencephalon

pineal gland, thalamus and hypothalamus

function of pineal gland

produces melatonin for sleep

function of thalamus

relay station/synapse site for all sensory pathways

structure of thalamus

two egg shaped halves that sandwich the third ventricle

function of hypothalamus

body temp control, autonomic control centers, sleep cycle control centers, emotional control centers

pituitary gland

gland attached to hypothalamus that is activated when it releases hormones

pituitary gland function

produces hormones that control the thyroid, adrenal cortex, liver, and reproductive function

parts of midbrain

cerebral peduncles, corpora quadrigemina

cerebral peduncles

anterior bundles with projection tracts that allow communication between hemispheres and lower parts of cns

parts of corpora quadrigemina

superior colliculi and inferior colliculi

superior colliculi

nuclei on the posterior side of the midbrain that initiate visual reflexes, such as the coordination of eye and head movements when tracking a moving object

Inferior colliculi:

nuclei on the posterior midbrain that receive auditory information and coordinate reflexive actions in response to sounds.

cerebellar peduncles

part of pons that contains tracts passing in or out of the cerebellum

medullary pyramids

2 ridges on medulla oblongata that contain descending corticospinal tracts( direct volunary movement of body)

make up of cerebellum

outer cortex and inner white mater

vermis

midline lobe that separates two cerebellar hemispheres

arbor vitae

tree like shape of the white matter of cerebellum that is seen when cut via midsagittal plane

function of cerebellum

• receives info about intent to initiate movement from cerebral hemispheres

• receives info from sensory receptors in muscles and joints to to know body’s position

• calculates coordinated movements of the body