UNIT 3 APHUG KBAT

What is acculturation?

The process of adopting certain cultural traits or practices from another culture while maintaining elements of one’s own.

What does assimilation mean in cultural terms?

The complete adoption of the dominant culture by an individual or group, often losing original cultural identity.

Define creolization.

The blending of different cultures, particularly in language and traditions, to form a new, distinct culture.

What is meant by culture?

The shared beliefs, customs, traditions, behaviors, and material objects that define a group of people.

What is a culture hearth?

The place where a culture or cultural trait originates.

What is a culture trait?

A single element of culture, such as language, clothing, or food.

How would you define a culture complex?

A combination of related cultural traits that define a culture.

What does culture region refer to?

An area where people share common cultural traits.

Define culture realm.

A larger area that includes multiple culture regions with shared characteristics (e.g., Latin America).

What is cultural convergence?

When different cultures become more alike due to shared ideas, technology, and globalization.

What does cultural divergence mean?

When cultures become more distinct due to conflicting beliefs or physical separation.

Explain cultural diffusion.

The spread of cultural traits from one place to another.

What is a cultural landscape?

The visible imprint of human activity on the natural environment, including architecture, land use, and infrastructure.

What is cultural relativism?

The principle that a culture should be understood on its own terms, without judgment based on another culture’s standards.

What does animism refer to in religion?

The belief that spirits exist in natural objects and phenomena, common in tribal religions.

Define autonomous religion.

A self-sufficient religion with little formal structure (e.g., Islam).

What are branches in terms of religion?

Major divisions within a religion (e.g., Sunni and Shia in Islam).

What are denominations?

Divisions within a branch of a religion, uniting congregations (e.g., Catholicism in Christianity).

Explain what an ethnic religion is.

A religion associated with a specific ethnic group and not actively seeking converts (e.g., Judaism, Hinduism).

What is fundamentalism?

Strict, literal interpretation of religious principles.

Define monotheism.

The belief in one god (e.g., Christianity, Islam, Judaism).

What does polytheism mean?

The belief in multiple gods (e.g., Hinduism, Shintoism).

What is a sect in religious terms?

A small religious group that has broken away from a denomination (e.g., Wahhabism in Islam).

What is secularism?

The rejection or exclusion of religious influence in government and daily life.

Explain syncretism.

The blending of different religious or cultural beliefs into a new system.

What is a taboo?

A social or religious restriction on a particular practice or behavior.

Define theocracy.

A government ruled by religious law (e.g., Iran, Vatican City).

What is a universalizing religion?

A religion that seeks to convert people from all backgrounds (e.g., Christianity, Islam, Buddhism).

What is a dialect?

A regional variation of a language, with differences in pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary.

What does endangered language mean?

A language at risk of disappearing as its speakers decline.

Define isogloss.

A geographic boundary that separates different linguistic features.

What are isolated languages?

Languages that have no known relation to other languages (e.g., Basque).

What is language?

A system of communication using spoken, written, or signed words.

What are language families?

Large groups of related languages that share a common origin (e.g., Indo-European).

What is a language tree?

A model showing relationships between languages and how they evolved.

Explain lingua franca.

A common language used for communication between speakers of different native languages (e.g., English in international business).

What is an official language?

A language designated by a country’s government for official use.

Define pidgin language.

A simplified mix of two languages used for communication between people who do not share a common language.

What is slang?

Informal, nonstandard words and expressions used in casual speech.

What is contagious diffusion?

The rapid, widespread spread of a cultural trait through direct contact (e.g., viral trends).

Define expansion diffusion.

The spread of a cultural trait without people moving; includes hierarchical, contagious, and stimulus diffusion.

What does hierarchical diffusion refer to?

The spread of an idea from influential or wealthy people to others (e.g., fashion trends).

What is relocation diffusion?

The spread of a trait due to people physically moving and bringing it with them (e.g., Italian immigrants bringing pizza to the U.S.).

Define stimulus diffusion.

When a cultural trait spreads but is modified to fit a new culture (e.g., McDonald's menus in different countries).

What are centrifugal forces?

Forces that divide people within a country (e.g., ethnic conflicts, religious differences).

What are centripetal forces?

Forces that unite people within a country (e.g., shared language, national pride).

What is colonialism?

The control of one country over another for economic, political, or territorial gain (e.g., British rule in India).

Define diaspora.

A scattered population with a common origin, such as the Jewish diaspora.

What does ethnicity refer to?

A group of people who share a common cultural heritage, language, or ancestry.

What is ethnocentrism?

The belief that one’s own culture is superior to others.

Define globalization.

The increasing interconnectedness of the world through trade, communication, and culture.

What are groups in social terms?

Collections of people who share common characteristics, beliefs, or interests.

What is imperialism?

A policy of extending a country's power through diplomacy or military force (e.g., European empires in Africa).

Who are the indigenous people?

The original inhabitants of a region, maintaining traditional culture (e.g., Native Americans).

What is multiculturalism?

The coexistence of multiple cultural groups within a society, promoting diversity.

Define nationality.

The status of belonging to a particular nation, often based on citizenship.

What does nativist mean?

A person who favors native-born people over immigrants.

Explain neolocalism.

The revival of local culture in response to globalization.

What is sense of place?

The emotional connection people feel to a particular location.

Define sequent occupancy.

The idea that successive societies leave cultural imprints on a place over time.

What is a toponym?

A place name, which can reflect history, geography, or culture.

What does tribal refer to?

Related to indigenous or small ethnic groups with shared traditions.