Stage 1 Body systems + enzymes + cells

What is the order of the cell hierarchy?

cell -> tissue -> organ -> organ system

True or false: All multicellular organisms begin as undifferentiated cells

True!

How do zygotes divide?

Mitosis

What are stem cells always doing?

Dividing to grow or replace old damaged cells

What are stem cells?

undifferentiated cells that can produce daughter cells that can differentiate

Are embryonic cells multipoint or pluripotent?

Pluripotent

Define pluripotent

can form any type of cell/tissue

Are bone marrow stem cells pluripotent or multipotent

Multipotent

define multipotent

can form several types of cells but not all

True or false: Every cell has identical DNA

true

How do cells appear different if they all have the same DNA?

They each have different genes that are expressed or nor expressed

what are the four basic human tissues

Connective, Muscle, Epithelial, Nervous

what does connective tissue do

provides structural support and binds and connects

What does epithelial tissue do

protects, lines surfaces

What does muscle tissue do

allows movement, stability and physical functions. Generates force

what makes up nervous tissue

neurons

What are the two processes involved in gene expression

Transcription and Translation

What happens during transcription (two words)?

DNA -> m(essenger)RNA

What happens during transcription (extended response)?

As the DNA unwinds, the messenger RNA copies it and then heads outside the nucleus and attach itself to the Ribosomes

What happens during translation (two words)?

mRNA -> protein

What happens during translation (extended response)?

The mRNA gets read (in chunks of 3) by the tRNA in the ribosomes and the tRNA makes a complementary strand

what happens after tRNA makes a complementary strand

the mRNA and tRNA strands bind and create a specific kind of amino acid

what is a codon and anticodon

a codon is the mRNA's copy of the DNA sequence and an anticodon is the tRNA's complementary strand.

how many amino acids are in a single codon

3

What do all organic compounds contain

Carbon and Hydrogen

What are polymers composed of

Monomers

what are monomers

smaller compounds called subunits that make up polymers

What does DNA stand for

Deoxyribonucleic acid

What shape is DNA

double helix

What is DNA made up of

2 polynucleotide strands

what binds the bases in DNA

weak hydrogen bond

what is the backbone of DNA made out of

Sugar phosphate

what does T stand for as a DNA base

Thymine

what does A stand for as a DNA base

Adenine

what does C stand for as a DNA base

Cytosine

what does G stand for as a DNA base

Guanine

What base changes to Uracil when in RNA

Thymine

What does RNA stand for

Ribonucleic acid

What information does DNA store

directions for all metabolic processes organisms must carry out

What are genes

segments of DNA that code sequences of amino acids for proteins

What are enzymes

Biological catalysts

what do enzymes do

speed up metabolic reactions

Enzyme + Substrate =

enzyme substrate complex

define synthesis

put things together

define decompose

break things apart

what is the region on an enzyme specifically shaped for a substrate called

active site

True or false: An enzyme's active site is complementary to a substrate

True

What happens when the substrate binds to the site

The site changes shape to improve the fit

what is it called when the active site changes she for the substrate

Induced-fit model

Reaction occurs between active site and substrate because active site provides a _____

suitable environment

What can cause an enzyme to denature

high or low pH

what can immediate environmental changes do to enzymes' structure

disrupt H bonds causing them to denature

How does low temperature affect enzyme activity

Both the enzyme and substrate move at a slower speed meaning they interact less

How does high temperature affect enzyme activity

disrupts the enzyme's H bonds and denatures the enzyme

What is the point of saturation

All enzyme active sites are occupied

What is the largest artery

Aorta

Where to arteries take the blood

Away from the heart

Where to veins take the blood

Towards the heart

What is the main job of the circulatory system

to carry oxygen and nutrients around the body

What do capillaries do

allows transport of materials into and out of blood

where does gas exchange happen in circulatory system

capillary beds

Draw a diagram of the blood from the moment it enters the heart to the moment it leaves

right atrium -> right ventricle -(pulmonary artery)-> lungs -(pulmonary vein)-> left atrium -> left ventricle -(aorta)-> body

Why are capillaries important

They connect the arteries and veins and the beds are where the exchange of materials (gas + nutrients) happen

How are capillaries able to exchange gas with the body

1 cell thick walls

Structure of lymphatic capillaries

thin walled, blind ended (closed at one end)

What do lymphatic capillaries do

Collect excess fluid from body cells, filters if through the lymph nodes, absorbs fat from digestion and returns it to the blood

lymph is composed of:

tissue fluid (water), proteins, fats, pathogen immune cells

What materials are exchanged in blood capillaries

O2, glucose, amino acids, wastes (CO2, urea)

pt 1 of respiration

oxygen intake + CO2 release

pt 2 of respiration

circulatory system delivers oxygen to body cells and picks up CO2

Where does gas exchange in the lungs happen

inside alveoli

What is gas exchange between

Alveoli and capillaries

why do cells need oxygen

cell respiration

What is cell respiration

process where glucose is broken down to release energy

Draw a diagram of how the oxygen moves through the lungs

trachea -> 2 bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli

what are ways that certain body parts improve the gas exchange

large surface area, moist, thin walls

what is diffusion

movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration

true or false: the lower the difference in concentrations, the faster diffusion occurs

false

O2 diffuses from…

alveoli -> blood

CO2 diffuses from…

blood -> alveoli

Where does plant gas exchange happen

through the leaves

does diffusion require energy

no, the process is passive

chemical equation for photosynthesis

6CO2 (Carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (water) --> C6H12O6 (Glucose) + 6O2 (Oxygen)

chemical equation for cell respiration

C6H12O6 (Glucose) + 6O2 (Oxygen) --> 6CO2 (Carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (water)

what do leaf veins transport

water, dissolved materials, sugars (glucose or starch)

What is the hydrophobic outer layer of the leaf called

waxy cuticle

What does the waxy cuticle do

reduces water loss and excessive evaporation caused by sunlight and heat

Does gas exchange happen on the upper surface of the leaf?

no, the upper surface is too thick so exchange happens through lower epidermis where cuticle is thinner and the stomata are

what are the stomata

small pores in epidermis

where are guard cells and what do they do

guard cells are curved cells that occur in pairs surrounding each stoma that control the opening and closing of the stoma

What helps gases diffuse freely through leaf interior

airspaces between spongy mesophyll cells

What happens when there is a lot of water in the plant

The stoma is open

What happens when there is not a lot of water in the plant

the stoma is closed

What is digestion

the breaking down of substances into smaller pieces

What is mechanical digestion

physical movement of the body to aid in digestion

What does mechanical digestion do

increases surface area of food for chemical digestion

What is chemical digestion

Enzymes and stuff break down food

What does chemical digestion do

breaks chemical bonds in large molecules into small molecules to be absorbed

What is the process of the food once it enters the body to its exit

Mouth -> oesophagus -> stomach -> small intestine -> large intestine -> rectum -> shit

What are the four stages of digestion

1. Ingestion, 2. Digestion, 3. Absorption, 4. Elimination