UTS (FINAL EXAM)

sociology

is the scientific study of society and how it influences individuals.

peter berger and thomas luckman

“Individuals do not exist apart from society, nor does society exist apart from individuals.”

Victor

The case of ____________highlights a key sociological study, the story of Victor, the “wild child”, to show that without socialization, a person cannot develop a fully human self.

anthony giddens

defines the self as a person's constant sense of who they are, which is shaped and changed throughout their life. The self is not a fixed thing, but an ongoing process influenced by our social interactions and experiences.

social status

This refers to the positions we hold in society.

ascribed status

-        This is a status you're born into, like your race, sex, or family. You can't change it.

achieved status

-        This is a status you earn or choose, such as your job, college major, or being a parent.

socialization

is crucial for personal development and forming our sense of self. It's how we learn to interact with others and integrate into society.

primary socialization

This happens in childhood and is the most intense period of learning. It's where we learn the fundamentals of our culture, beliefs, and language, primarily from our family.

secondary socialization

-        This happens later in life and involves learning new social roles and skills in different environments, like school, work, or with peers.

family

·        The first and most significant agent. The ___________ passes on norms, values, and beliefs to children and helps them develop a sense of self.

school

·        The first and most significant agent. The family passes on norms, values, and beliefs to children and helps them develop a sense of self.

religion

It plays a major role in shaping morals, values, and behavior.

peer groups

·        : These are people of similar age and social status. They influence how we behave and see ourselves, especially in adolescence.

mass media 

·        This includes television, radio, and the internet. It spreads information and influences our perspectives on a wide range of social issues.

George Herbert Mead ( symbolic interactionism )

believed that the self develops through social interaction. He proposed that children go through stages to develop a sense of self:

preparatory stage

·        Children imitate others without understanding the meaning behind their actions.

play stage 

·        Children start to take on the roles of specific people, like playing "mom" or "doctor." This helps them understand how others see the world.

game stage

·        Children learn to understand and follow the rules of a game and consider the roles of multiple people at once.

I

the spontaneous, creative part

me

the social self that follows rules and expectations

generalized others

society's collective viewpoints, expectations, and attitudes.

charles horton cooley ( The looking-glass self )

that our self-image is based on how we think others see us.

·        Imagining how our actions appears to others.

·        What is the reaction of the others on what they imagine.

·        Making self-judgement based on the presumed perception of others in effect, other people become mirror-looking glass for us.

Cooley suggested that our self-image is based on how we think others see us. This process has three steps:

modernity 

It is characterized by a dynamic relationship between global influences and individual agency.

anthony giddens

A sociologist who describes modernity as a a profound change in how we live our lives, influenced by industrialization and globalization.

anthony giddens

Ø  He highlights that modernity is a unique phenomenon, not simply an extension of previous societies.

giddens

Ø  According to __________, the key features of modernity are the interconnection between extensionality and intentionality, the relationship between global influences and personal agency.

disembeddedness

·        Modernity separates social relations from their local contexts. It's a shift from traditional, localized social structures to global, abstract systems.

disembeddedness

-        You can buy clothes from a global retailer online instead of only from a local tailor.

reflexivity

·        In a modern society, individuals are encouraged to constantly self-reflect and reshape their own identities.

reflexivity

-        A person might choose to pursue a new career or education later in life based on personal reflection, rather than being limited by traditional social roles.

individualization

·        Modernity emphasizes that individuals are autonomous and self-expressing. It allows people to define their own identities and make their own life choices, shifting away from traditional social roles.

individualization

-        The text notes a shift in the Philippines regarding acceptance of LGBTQ+ individuals, showing how societal change allows for greater individual expression.

globalization

o   The increasing interconnectedness of the world, particularly through social media, has a significant effect on how people form relationships and portray themselves. It allows individuals to share ideas and experiences, which can change how societies and individuals see themselves.

The Self as a Product of Modern Society

The self is no longer a fixed entity but is continuously created and reshaped by social, economic, and technological changes.

self

o   The "________" is developed in a modern society through interaction with one's surroundings, rather than being determined by pre-existing social norms.

anthropology

is the field that examines human beings in society. It helps us understand how we're influenced by different cultures and how our individual lives and identities are shaped by society.

clifford geertz (1973)

is the field that examines human beings in society. It helps us understand how we're influenced by different cultures and how our individual lives and identities are shaped by society.

richard schweder (1991)

self-concept highlights how it varies across different cultures due to differing norms, values, and symbolic systems. He found that these differences lead to unique communal identities and interpretations of happiness.

george herbert mead

emphasizes that a person’s identity is based on their interactions with others. He introduced the concept that our thoughts, emotions, and self-awareness are formed through a process of communication and social experience

thomas csordas 

proposed that the self is an embodied phenomenon, meaning that the physical body and its experiences are central to how we develop and understand ourselves. He argued that the body isn't just a container for the self but is fundamentally tied to our existence in the world.

the self embedded in culture 

This concept suggests that a person’s identity is deeply integrated into their cultural environment. It highlights how cultural norms, values, and beliefs are internalized to form a person's sense of self.

Markus and Kitayama

·        Cultural Variation of the Self: Anthropologists like__________ &__________ studied the cultural variations of the self and identified two distinct self-construals:

independent self

Common in Western cultures, this view emphasizes personal uniqueness, goals, and direct expression of thoughts and feelings.

interdependent self 

-        Common in Eastern cultures, this view emphasizes a person's connection to their social roles, relationships, and group harmony.

Culture

is seen as a public expression of how people interact and make sense of their world.

psychology

is the study of the mind, and it is a multifaceted discipline with different schools of thought, each offering a unique perspective on understanding the self.

william james

-        laid the groundwork for contemporary views. Modern psychology understands the self as a multifaceted construct shaped by various disciplines that focus on human behavior.

psychological context 

is a complex and evolving concept that has been studied by many psychologists throughout history.

Psychoanalytic Viewpoint

 This perspective, founded by Sigmund Freud, focuses on the unconscious mind. Freud believed that our thoughts, desires, and behaviors are influenced by repressed feelings and experiences from early life.

Behaviorist Viewpoint

 Theorists like B.F. Skinner focus on observable behavior and conditioning. This viewpoint holds that the self is a result of external stimuli and reinforcements, largely ignoring internal mental processes.

cognitive viewpoint 

This perspective, advanced by psychologists like Jean Piaget and Albert Bandura, emphasizes internal mental processes. It explores how people perceive, think, and process information to understand self-awareness, self-concept, and self-esteem.

humanistic viewpoint

·        Proponents like Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers focus on personal development, self-actualization, and the inherent value of an individual. This perspective is optimistic and growth-oriented, believing that people are capable of reaching their full potential.

jean piaget

cognitive theory centers on the development of human intelligence. He believed that children construct their understanding of the world through a process of adapting their mental structures.

schema

 A mental concept or framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information from their experiences

adaptation

It involves the child’s learning processes to act and meet situational demands to survive.  He describes the two processes an individual must adopt, assimilation and accommodation.

assimilation

-        The process of incorporating new information or experiences into an existing schema. For example, a child who has a "clown" schema sees a person with a long, frizzy hair and incorporates that new information into their existing schema.

accomodation

-        Modifying an existing schema or creating a new one to fit new information. In the clown example, if the person in the clown suit isn't a clown, the child must accommodate this new information to restore equilibrium.

Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 18-24 months):

-  Object permanence.

-  Learns through senses and movement, starts using words, gets curious, feels separation anxiety.

Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 years old)

-        Symbolic thought

-        Loves pretend play, strong imagination, still self-centered, believes objects are alive.

  Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years old)

- Operational thought 

- Thinks logically about real things, understands math, conservation, and others’ views.

Formal Operational (Adolescence to Adulthood)

  -        Abstract concepts

-        Can think about ideas, solve problems, plan ahead, and reason logically.

susan harter 

-        Focused on self-concept and self-development.

-        Each stage of life has unique personal differences that influence healthy or unhealthy self-development.

(Self-Perception Profile for Children)

Measures self-worth and competence (ages 8+).

adolescence

-        More self-observation & reflection.; Real self and possible selves integrate into a balanced structure.

Early Childhood (2–6 yrs)

– Defines self by physical traits, possessions, preferences.

  Middle Childhood (7–11 yrs)

– Defines self by traits & logical thinking.

Adolescence (12–18 yrs)

– Abstract self-definitions, emotions, motives.

Emerging Adulthood (17–22 / 28–33 yrs)

– Focus on possible self, goals, realism.

I-SELF

The self as a subject (awareness: “I talk, I think”).

ME-SELF

→ The self as an object (what we know about ourselves).

  Material Self

– Possessions, body, family, money.

Social Self

– How we act in groups/relationships

Spiritual Self

– Inner traits, values, conscience.

carl rogers

“The good life is a process, not a state of being.”

carl rogers

Humanistic theory. Self-concept, self-actualization, ideal self vs real self.

  Person-Centered Therapy

Non-directive, client-centered, emphasizes empathy, acceptance, and authenticity.

self- concept

How we see ourselves.

ideal self

: Who we want to be

incongruence

Gap between actual self and ideal                    

  self → causes self-doubt, low esteem.

self image

Ø  How we view ourselves (appearance, categories like attractive/unattractive).

self-image problem

Ø  : Happens when self-image ≠ real experience (incongruence).

eric berne

Transactional Analysis posits that every person's personality is composed of three ego states: Parent, Adult, and Child.

self-actualization

          - Achieved when ideal self aligns with actual self.

      - Requires support, feeling valued, creativity, and positive self-view.

parent ego state

This state is a collection of feelings, attitudes, and behaviors copied from parents and other significant parental figures. It includes both the nurturing and critical aspects of our caregivers.

adult ego

l  This state is characterized by rational, non-emotional behavior. It deals with the present reality, gathers facts, processes data, and acts logically without undue influence from the Parent or Child states.

child ego

l  This state contains all the feelings, attitudes, and behaviors we experienced in childhood. It is a re-enactment of our own childhood, complete with its emotions and impulses.

adaptive child

The part of the child ego state that adapts its behavior to respond to the world and the Parent ego state.

curious child

The part of the child ego state loves to play, is curious, and wants to try everything. It is described as being sensitive and vulnerable.

little professor

The curious and intuitive part of the child ego state. It is described as the adaptive child who reacts to the world.

id

The primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories. It operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of all desires.

ego

The realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the moralistic demands of the superego. It operates on the reality principle, aiming to satisfy the id's desires in a realistic and socially appropriate manner.

superego

The moralistic and ethical part of the mind. It operates as a conscience, internalizing moral standards and ideals learned from parents and society. It strives for perfection and judges our actions.

unconscious mind

is the most significant part, containing repressed thoughts and feelings that are not readily accessible to our awareness. It is a storage house for all memories and experiences throughout our lives.

conscious

The small tip of the iceberg, representing the thoughts, feelings, and memories we are currently aware of.

Oral Stage (Birth to 18 months)

Pleasure is centered on the mouth. Fixation can lead to oral-incorporative or oral-retentive behaviors later in life (e.g., smoking, overeating).

Anal Stage (18 months to 3 years)

Pleasure is focused on bowel and bladder control. Fixation can result in either an anal-expulsive (messy, rebellious or anal-retentive (orderly, rigid) personality.

Phallic Stage (3 to 6 years)

Pleasure is focused on the genitals. This stage includes the Oedipus complex (boys) and the Electra complex (girls).