Petroleum Refining review sheet- exam 3

What was the source of the oil for lanterns in the United States for most of the 1800s? Why did the source of oil become scarce? What type of petroleum was used to replace this fuel?

Came from whales and they were hunted too much so kerosene replaced it

Review Figure 5.4 in your text. Describe how fractional distillation is used to refine crude oil into different fractions.

It heats crude oil and turns it into a gas then cools it down slowly, as this gas cools, different parts of the oil turn back to liquids at different times separating into gasoline, diesel, and kerosene

 What chemical property is used to separate the fractions of crude oil during distillation?

The different boiling points

Compare the number of carbon atoms in the petroleum fractions at the top of the column with those at the bottom.

At the top, the columns have fewer carbon atoms while those at the bottom have more carbon atoms

Be able to list the following petroleum fractions in order from highest condensation temperature to lowest: Fuel Oil, Asphalt, Diesel Oil, Natural Gas, Gasoline, and Kerosene.

Asphalt, Fuel oil, Diesel oil, kerosene, gasoline, and natural gas

Plastics, rubber, fertilizers, and pesticides are all derived from what hydrocarbon fraction?

Gasoline and natural gas

What is the age of most of the petroleum refineries in the United States? Why haven’t many new refineries been opened in the past 50 years?

There are over 50 years old and new ones have not been built because of the high costs, environmental concerns, and strict regulations; many built in the 1950-1970

Distinguish between Light Crude Oil and Heavy Crude Oil. Also, between sweet and sour crude. What mix (sweet/sour, light/heavy) is the most desirable form of crude oil?

Light crude oil is easier to refine and doesn’t burn as much pollution as heavy crude oil; sweet crude has less sulfur than sour crude; the most desirable form is light, sweet crude but our refineries refine heavy crude oil

What type of automobile was first to be widely used in New York City in the late 1800s? What were the limits of this type of vehicle at the time?

An electric car; the limits include a short driving range and slow speeds

What fuel was used to power the first four-stroke Otto Engine? Diesel Engine?

gasoline; Diesel engine was powered by diesel fuel

Distinguish between First, Second, and Third generation biofuels.

First: come from crops; second: non-plant materials; third: made from algae

What part of the plant is used to make first-generation biofuels? Second-generation biofuels?

First: edible parts of the plant like seeds and fruits; second: non-edible parts like stems, leaves, and wood

What are photobioreactors? Why are they required for third-generation biofuels? Besides the feeder crop, what other natural resource is required in large amounts to process biofuels?

They are systems that provide a controlled environment for growing algae, which is needed for third-generation biofuels and large amounts of water are required to process biofuels besides the feeder crop

Biofuels require fossil fuels. Why?

When planting the theme, harvesting, and processing the feedstock

Why did Henry Ford worry about the availability of biofuels in the future? Explain how this resulted in gasoline as the primary vehicle fuel source.

He worried that it would become scarce as demand grew leading to gasoline becoming the primary vehicle because fuel is more widely available and easier to produce