Foner Chapters 7+8

The Articles of Confederation

The first constitution of the U.S., ratified in 1781, created a weak central government.

What powers did Congress have under the Articles of Confederation?

Congress could declare war, make treaties, and coin money.

The major weakness of the Articles of Confederation was its lack of power to __________.

tax or regulate commerce.

Ordinance of 1784

Divided the Western territory into self-governing districts that could become states.

What was established by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787?

Policies for admitting new states and prohibition of slavery in the Northwest Territory.

Shays’ Rebellion was caused by __________.

Economic hardship leading to debt and high taxes.

What outcome did Shays' Rebellion highlight?

The weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

The Constitutional Convention met in __________ to address problems of the Articles of Confederation.

1787 in Philadelphia.

The Great Compromise established a __________ Congress.

bicameral.

What compromise allowed for three-fifths of the enslaved population to be counted for representation?

The Three-Fifths Compromise.

Federalism refers to __________ between the national government and the states.

checks and balances.

Who were the Federalists?

Supporters of the new Constitution advocating for a stronger central government.

Key figures among the Federalists included __________, __________, and __________.

Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay.

The Anti-Federalists feared the Constitution would give too much power to __________.

the national government.

The Constitution was ratified in __________ after the promise of a Bill of Rights.

1788.

Washington’s Cabinet included which key figures?

Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, and Henry Knox.

Hamilton’s Financial Plan proposed the creation of a __________ to stabilize the economy.

national bank.

The Whiskey Rebellion was a protest against __________.

the excise tax on whiskey.

Washington issued the Proclamation of Neutrality in __________ to keep the U.S. neutral in foreign conflicts.

1793.

Jay’s Treaty aimed to settle tensions with __________.

Britain.

Pinckney’s Treaty (1795) secured American access to __________.

the Mississippi River and New Orleans.

The XYZ Affair with France led to __________ between the U.S. and France.

an undeclared naval conflict (Quasi-War).

The Alien and Sedition Acts were seen as __________ by the Democratic-Republicans.

violations of free speech.

The election of 1800 is called the __________ due to the peaceful transfer of power.

Revolution of 1800.

What significant land acquisition did Jefferson make in 1803?

The Louisiana Purchase.

Jefferson sent the Lewis and Clark Expedition to __________.

explore the newly acquired territory.

Impressment refers to __________ by British ships.

the seizure of American sailors.

The Embargo Act of 1807 aimed to stop American trade with __________ and __________.

Britain and France.

The War of 1812 was caused by continued British __________ of American sailors.

impressment.

The Treaty of Ghent (1814) ended the War of 1812 without significant __________ changes.

territorial.

Consequences of the War of 1812 included an increase in __________.

nationalism.

The demise of the Federalist Party was linked to __________ regarding the war.

opposition.

Monroe’s presidency is associated with the __________, a period of perceived national unity.

Era of Good Feelings.

The Second Bank of the United States was created during __________'s presidency.

James Monroe.

Monroe's administration encouraged __________ migration and settlement.

westward.

The War of 1812 confirmed U.S. __________ and reduced British influence.

independence.

The __________ outlined federal laws that were deemed unconstitutional.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.

Which two political parties emerged from the conflicts of Washington’s administration?

Federalists and Democratic-Republicans.

Who was elected President following the election of 1796?

John Adams.

The outcome of the War of 1812 included a boost in __________ economy due to disruptions in trade.

American manufacturing.

After the War of 1812, Native American resistance was __________.

weakened.

The Federalist party's collapse followed their actions during the __________ Convention.

Hartford.

What event inspired the writing of 'The Star-Spangled Banner'?

The defense of Fort McHenry.

Jefferson's vision for America emphasized an __________ society.

agrarian.

Which treaty secured U.S. rights to navigate the Mississippi River?

Pinckney’s Treaty.