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Halfway Covenant
The plan by Puritan ministers to offer partial church membership through baptism. This was because the membership and interest in Puritanism was waning due to the profound religious experience, called a conversion, that was required to be Puritan. So, the church leaders scaled back that requirement to help increase membership in the Puritan Church.
Quakers
Protestant reformers who believe in the equality of all people. Set up Pennsylvania. They gained the name Quakers because they were said to quake when the inner light moved them. Quakers rejected the idea of worldly rank, believing instead in a new and radical form of social equality. Their speech reflected this belief in that they addressed all others as equals, using "thee" and "thou" rather than terms like "your lordship" or "my lady" that were customary for privileged individuals of the hereditary elite.
Holy Experiment
a policy of complete religious and social toleration. The basis for William Penn's Pennsylvania. Providing a refuge for Quakers and others who had been victims of religious persecution.
Charter of Liberties
the English took control of NY and colonists were able to have a local representative legislature. The Charter of Liberties and Privileges set out the the right to trial by jury and the right to representative government.
John Rolfe
Jamestown colony leader who showed that tobacco could be grown successfully in Virginia. Married Pocahontas.
Puritans
English Protestants who wanted to "purify" the Anglican Church of Catholic elements. Many, seeking the ability to worship the way they chose, migrated to the Americas and started the New England colonies. Thus, the religious conflicts in England also had an impact on the New World
John Winthrop
Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a Hill". founded Boston
Great Migration
the movement of tens of thousands of English settlers to New England during the 1630s. The English Civil was pushed approx. 15,000 settlers to New England
Thomas Hooker
Founded the settlement of Hartford, Connecticut
John Davenport
Founded colony of New Haven in southern Connecticut in 1637
James Oglethorpe
Founder of the Georgia Colony
Wampanoags
The East Woodland tribe that shared first Thanksgiving with the Pilgrims (PEO). Led by Massoit.
Metacom
Native American chief who fought against English colonists in the King Philip's War because he was concerned about the impact colonial expansion would have on his people. Native forces succeeded in destroying half of the Puritan settlements. The English win in the end and sold many captives into slavery in the West Indies. (The severed head of King Philip was publicly displayed in Plymouth.) The war also forever changed the English perception of native peoples. Many English writers began to portray the natives as blood thirsty savages. This fostered a new type of racial hatred which became a defining feature of Indian-English relationships in the Northeast.
Virginia House of Burgesses
First representative assembly in the colonies. Part of the governmental structure of Virginia. Est by the 1620s. Brings some stability to Virginia.
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
FIRST written constitution in the colonies- THOMAS HOOKER. Est a representative government consisting of a legislature and an elected governor.
New England Confederation
Military allegiance of some English countries. Mass Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven. Began to combat Native American threats in 1643 and also to unite Puritan colonies. Weakened in a dispute with Massachusetts but then regained importance and support after King Phillip's War.
Frame of Government
1682-1683 document that establish an elected representative assembly in Pennsylvania.
Corporate colonies
operated by joint stock companies
example: Jamestown
Royal colonies
subject to the direct control of the crown. Example, Virginia
Proprietary colonies
Colonies ruled by those who had been given land by Britain. Granted charters of ownership by the king. Example: Maryland and Pennsylvania.
Chesapeake colonies
Term for the colonies of Maryland and Virginia.
chartered by Charles I who subdivided Virginia on either side of the Chesapeake Bay.
Joint-stock company
a company in which investors buy stock in return for a share of its future profits. Virginia Company was the first.
Virginia Company
a joint-stock company, it was this group of investors that founded Jamestown. Founded with the express purpose of making money for its investors.
Glorious Revolution
Bloodless overthrow of King James II.
William and Mary become King and Queen of England. Ends Dominion of New England and the colonies operate under a separate charter.
Headright system
It was used as a way to attract new settlers to the region and address the labor shortage. Virginia offered 50 acres of land to each immigrant who paid for his own passage or to any plantation owner who paid for an immigrant's passage. Was enacted b/c there were labor shortages and disputes in Virginia in the early 1600s before the slave trade.
Indentured servants
individuals who exchanged compulsory service for free passage to the American colonies. Virginia Company hoped to meet labor needs in this way. Because laborers eventually earned their freedom, this provided only a temporary source of labor.
Triangular trade
European trade between the Americas, Africa, and Europe involving slaves and other goods
Middle Passage
the sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies. Took 1-2 months. Approx 15% of Africans died on this journey.
Cotton Mather
Author of several widely read religious tracts; a minister from Massachusetts.
John Peter Zenger
New York publisher who was taken to court for criticizing the governor of New York. He was being tried for libel. His lawyer (who is NOT related to A. Ham) argued that he told the truth about the governor. The jury ignored English law (under Eng law, hurting the governors reputation was a criminal act) and acquitted Zenger. This is the earliest free speech/press case in the colonies/future US.