Bone Tissue Overview

This set of flashcards covers vocabulary and key concepts related to bone tissue, its composition, functions, development, and physiology.

Bone Tissue

The living skeletal structure made up of dynamic tissues.

Osteology

The study of bone.

Support

Bone functions to support the body and soft organs.

Protection

Bones protect vital organs such as the brain and spinal cord.

Movement

Bones serve as levers for muscle action.

Mineral Storage

Bones act as reservoirs for minerals like calcium and phosphorus.

Hematopoiesis

The process of blood cell formation occurring in red marrow cavities.

Triglyceride Storage

Bone cavities can store fat for energy.

Osteocalcin

A hormone secreted by bones that regulates insulin secretion and metabolic processes.

206

The total number of named bones in an adult human skeleton.

Axial Skeleton

The group of bones that include the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

Appendicular Skeleton

The group of bones that includes the limbs and girdles attaching them to the axial skeleton.

Long Bone

Bone that is longer than it is wide.

Short Bone

Bone that is as long as it is wide.

Flat Bone

A wide, flat bone used mainly for protection.

Irregular Bone

Bone that does not fit into any other classification.

Sesamoid Bone

A bone entirely encased in tendon or ligamentous tissue.

Bone Matrix Composition

Bone matrix is made up of 1/3 organic materials and 2/3 minerals.

Minerals in Bone

Bone contains 85% hydroxyapatite, among other minerals.

Ceramic in Bone

The mineral portion of bone provides rigidity.

Polymer in Bone

The collagen portion gives flexibility to bones.

Compact Bone

The dense outer layer of bone that appears smooth and solid.

Spongy Bone

Bone that consists of small, needle-like or flat pieces called trabeculae.

Trabeculae

Small struts in spongy bone that form a honeycomb structure.

Periosteum

The connective tissue membrane covering the outside of compact bone.

Endosteum

The membrane that covers the interior surface of compact bone.

Osseous Tissue

Connective tissue with a matrix hardened by calcium phosphate.

Osteogenic Cells

Stem cells that can develop into various bone cell types.

Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells that synthesize bone matrix.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue.

Osteoclasts

Bone-dissolving cells that resorb bone.

Ossification

The process of bone formation.

Intramembranous Ossification

The process of bone development from fibrous membranes.

Endochondral Ossification

The process in which a cartilage template is replaced by bone.

Primary Ossification Center

The site in the developing bone where ossification begins.

Secondary Ossification Centers

Sites of bone formation in the epiphyses of long bones.

Epiphyseal Plate

The growth plate in long bones, responsible for bone lengthening.

Bone Remodeling

The ongoing replacement of old bone tissue with new bone.

Mineralization

The process of depositing minerals in bone.

Hydroxyapatite

A crystalline structure formed from calcium and phosphate in bone.

Calcium Homeostasis

The balance of calcium levels in the body.

Hypocalcemia

A condition characterized by low blood calcium levels.

Hypercalcemia

A condition characterized by high blood calcium levels.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Hormone that increases blood calcium levels.

Calcitonin

Hormone released by the thyroid that lowers blood calcium levels.

Calcitriol

The active form of vitamin D that increases calcium absorption.

Fractures

Breaks in bones due to trauma or stress.

Closed Fracture

A fracture where the bone does not break through the skin.

Open Fracture

A fracture where the bone breaks through the skin.

Stress Fracture

A fracture caused by repetitive force or overuse.

Pathological Fracture

A fracture that occurs in a bone weakened by disease.

Bone Healing Stages

Includes hematoma formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation, and remodeling.

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

A genetic disorder characterized by brittle bones.

Rickets

A disease caused by a deficiency of minerals leading to soft bones.

Osteon

The functional unit of compact bone.

Lamellae

Concentric layers of compact bone tissue.

Canaliculi

Hair-like canals that connect lacunae and central canal.

Lacunae

Small cavities containing osteocytes.

Osteoid

Unmineralized organic component of the bone matrix.

Granulation Tissue

New connective tissue formed during the healing process.

Soft Callus

A temporary tissue formed during the healing of a fracture.

Hard Callus

The bone tissue that forms around a fracture during healing.

Appositional Growth

Growth that occurs at the surface of the bone.

Biomechanics

The study of the mechanical properties of biological structures.

Spongy Bone Function

Provides strength with minimal weight due to its structure.

Trabecular Bone

Another term for spongy bone, forms the inner layer.

Growth Factors

Substances that promote cellular growth and development.

Proliferation Zone

Where cartilage cells rapidly divide in the epiphyseal plate.

Resting Zone

Inactive cartilage layer in the epiphyseal plate.

Ossification Zone

Area where cartilage is replaced by bone.

Diaphysis

The shaft or long part of a long bone.

Epiphysis

The end part of a long bone.

Haversian Systems

Another name for osteons, the structural unit of bone.

Bone Density

A measure of the amount of mineral content in bone.

Electrolyte Balance

The balance of ions essential for physiological processes.

Fibrocartilage

Cartilage that provides support and rigidity.

Osteoprogenitor

Another name for osteogenic cells.

Hematopoietic Tissue

Tissue responsible for the production of blood cells.

Mature Bone

Bone that is fully developed and functional.

Remodeling Units

Basic structural and functional units involved in bone remodeling.

Bone Strength

The ability of bone to resist deformation and failure.

Bone Vascularization

The process of forming blood vessels in bone tissue.

Stress Loading

Mechanical loading conditions that affect bone remodeling.

Vascular Channels

Passages through which blood vessels run within bone.

Joint Surfaces

Regions where bones meet to form a joint.

Regenerative Medicine

A field focused on repairing or replacing damaged tissues.

Biomaterial Scaffolds

Frameworks that support tissue generation in healing.