OITE Subspecialty Cram Sheets & Classification Systems Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering high-yield OITE classifications, eponyms, structures at risk, and clinical pearls across orthopaedic subspecialties.

Gustilo-Anderson Classification

Classification system for open fractures based on wound size and soft-tissue injury: Type I ($<1\,\text{cm}$ wound, clean, minimal damage), Type II ($1\text{--}10\,\text{cm}$ wound without extensive damage), Type IIIA (high energy with adequate soft-tissue coverage), Type IIIB (periosteal stripping requiring flap coverage), and Type IIIC (arterial injury requiring repair).

Schatzker Classification

Staging system for tibial plateau fractures ranging from Type I (lateral split), Type II (lateral split + depression), Type III (pure lateral depression), Type IV (medial plateau), Type V (bicondylar), to Type VI (plateau with metaphyseal-diaphyseal dissociation).

Garden Classification

Classification for femoral neck fractures divided into non-displaced (Type I incomplete/valgus impacted, Type II complete non-displaced) and displaced (Type III complete partially displaced, Type IV complete fully displaced).

Pauwels Classification

Classification of femoral neck fractures based on fracture line angle from horizontal: Type I ($<30^\circ$), Type II ($30\text{--}50^\circ$), and Type III ($>50^\circ$), where increasing verticality creates greater shear forces and mechanical instability.

Neer Classification

Classification of proximal humerus fractures based on displacement ($>1\,\text{cm}$ or $>45^\circ$ angulation) among four main segments: humeral head, greater tuberosity, lesser tuberosity, and shaft.

Mason-Johnston Classification

System categorizing radial head fractures into Type I (nondisplaced/minimally displaced), Type II (displaced partial-articular fracture), Type III (comminuted involving entire radial head), and Type IV (radial head fracture associated with elbow dislocation).

Regan-Morrey Classification

Classification system for coronoid fractures based on fragment size: Type I (coronoid tip), Type II ($\le 50\%$ coronoid height), and Type III ($>50\%$ coronoid height).

O'Driscoll Classification

System categorizing coronoid fractures by location into Tip (Type I), Anteromedial facet (Type II, classically associated with varus posteromedial rotatory instability), and Base (Type III).

Bado Classification

Classification for Monteggia fracture-dislocations based on radial head dislocation direction: Type I (anterior), Type II (posterior), Type III (lateral), and Type IV (both radius and ulna fractured).

Monteggia Fracture-Dislocation

An orthopaedic injury pattern consisting of a fracture of the ulnar shaft combined with a dislocation of the radial head.

Galeazzi Fracture-Dislocation

An orthopaedic injury pattern consisting of a fracture of the radial shaft combined with dislocation or disruption of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ).

Essex-Lopresti Triad

A complex forearm injury pattern consisting of a radial head fracture, interosseous membrane disruption, and distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) instability.

Maisonneuve Fracture

An injury pattern combining a fracture of the proximal fibula with syndesmotic disruption and medial ankle injury.

Young-Burgess Classification

Classification of pelvic ring disruptions categorized by force mechanism into Anteroposterior Compression (APC I-III), Lateral Compression (LC I-III), and Vertical Shear (VS).

Letournel Classification

Staging system for acetabular fractures divided into five elementary patterns (posterior wall, posterior column, anterior wall, anterior column, transverse) and five associated patterns.

Vancouver Classification

Classification for periprosthetic femoral fractures following THA: Type A (trochanteric), Type B (around stem: B1 stable stem, B2 loose stem with adequate bone, B3 loose stem with poor bone stock), and Type C (well below stem).

Hawkins Classification

Staging of talar neck fractures based on associated joint dislocations: Type I (nondisplaced), Type II (subtalar dislocation), Type III (subtalar + tibiotalar dislocation), and Type IV (subtalar + tibiotalar + talonavicular dislocation).

Hawkins Sign

Subchondral lucency of the talar dome visible on radiographs weeks after injury, indicating intact blood supply and preserved vascularity.

Delta Pressure

Diagnostic parameter in compartment syndrome calculated as diastolic blood pressure minus compartment pressure, where a value $\le 30\,\text{mmHg}$ indicates potential compartment syndrome.

Rockwood Classification

Classification for acromioclavicular (AC) joint separations grading Types I through VI based on AC and CC ligament involvement and directional displacement of the distal clavicle.

Snyder Classification

Classification of Superior Labrum Anterior to Posterior (SLAP) tears: Type I (fraying), Type II (detached biceps-labral anchor), Type III (bucket-handle tear with intact biceps), and Type IV (bucket-handle tear extending into biceps tendon).

Ellman Classification

Grading system for partial-thickness rotator cuff tears based on depth: Grade I ($<3\,\text{mm}$ / $<25\%$), Grade II ($3\text{--}6\,\text{mm}$ / $25\text{--}50\%$), and Grade III ($>6\,\text{mm}$ / $>50\%$).

Goutallier Staging

Grading system assessing fatty infiltration of rotator cuff muscles on cross-sectional imaging, ranging from Grade 0 (no fat) to Grade 4 (more fat than muscle).

Outerbridge Classification

Grading scale for articular cartilage damage ranging from Grade I (softening/swelling) to Grade IV (exposed subchondral bone).

Hill-Sachs Lesion

A posterolateral humeral head compression fracture resulting from anterior glenohumeral dislocation.

Reverse Hill-Sachs Lesion

An anteromedial humeral head impaction defect associated with posterior shoulder dislocation.

Quadrilateral Space

An anatomical space bordered by the teres minor, teres major, long head of triceps, and humeral shaft; transmits the axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery.

Dial Test

Physical exam assessing knee rotatory laxity; increased external rotation at $30^\circ$ indicates an isolated posterolateral corner (PLC) injury, while increased rotation at both $30^\circ$ and $90^\circ$ indicates combined PLC and PCL injuries.

Dejour Classification

Staging system for trochlear dysplasia categorized into Types A through D utilizing radiographic clues such as the crossing sign, supratrochlear spur, and double contour sign.

Seddon Classification

Classification of nerve injury severity: Neurapraxia (conduction block), Axonotmesis (disrupted axon with preserved connective framework), and Neurotmesis (complete nerve disruption).

Sunderland Classification

Five-grade system for nerve injury severity ranging from Grade I (conduction block) to Grade V (complete transection of the entire nerve).

Flexor Tendon Zones

Five anatomical zones of the hand flexor tendons; Zone II extends from the distal palmar crease to the FDS insertion and is known as 'no man's land'.

Extensor Tendon Zones

Eight anatomical regions for dorsal hand and wrist extensor tendons, where odd numbers generally correspond to joint levels (Zone I DIP, Zone III PIP, Zone V MCP, Zone VII wrist).

Guyon Canal

Anatomic fibro-osseous tunnel at the wrist containing the ulnar nerve and ulnar artery, situated superficial to the transverse carpal ligament.

LOAF Muscles

Mnemonic for median-innervated intrinsic hand muscles: Lumbricals 1 and 2, Opponens pollicis, Abductor pollicis brevis, and the superficial head of Flexor pollicis brevis.

Froment Sign

Clinical finding testing ulnar nerve function; positive when the patient flexes the thumb interphalangeal joint via the FPL to compensate for weak adductor pollicis.

Anterior Interosseous Nerve (AIN)

A motor-only branch of the median nerve supplying the flexor pollicis longus, pronator quadratus, and FDP to the index and middle fingers; tested by the 'OK' sign without sensory deficits.

Posterior Interosseous Nerve (PIN)

Motor branch of the radial nerve providing motor innervation to forearm extensors; dysfunction causes loss of finger and thumb extension without cutaneous sensory deficits.

Herbert Classification

Classification for scaphoid fractures categorized into stable acute (Type A), unstable acute (Type B), delayed union (Type C), and nonunion (Type D).

Mayfield Classification

Four-stage sequence of perilunate instability progressing around the lunate: Stage I (scapholunate disruption), Stage II (capitolunate disruption), Stage III (lunotriquetral disruption), and Stage IV (lunate dislocation).

Lichtman Classification

Staging system for Kienböck disease (lunate AVN) ranging from Stage I (normal X-ray, abnormal MRI) to Stage IV (degenerative intercarpal arthritis), with Stage IIIB characterized by fixed scaphoid flexion/DISI.

Eaton-Littler Classification

Staging system for thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) arthritis from Stage I (early/mild changes) to Stage IV (pantrapezial arthritis / STT joint involvement).

Wassel Classification

System categorizing radial polydactyly (thumb duplication) into Types I through VII based on the level of duplication, with Type IV (duplicated proximal phalanx) being the most common.

Kanavel Signs

The four cardinal signs of flexor tenosynovitis: fusiform digit swelling, digit held in mild flexion, tenderness along the flexor sheath, and severe pain on passive digit extension.

Salter-Harris Classification

Classification of pediatric physeal fractures using the SALTR mnemonic: Type I (Straight across physis), Type II (Above into metaphysis), Type III (Lower into epiphysis), Type IV (Through metaphysis, physis, epiphysis), and Type V (Rammed/crushed physis).

Gartland Classification

Classification system for pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures: Type I (nondisplaced), Type II (displaced with posterior cortex hinge), Type III (completely displaced), and Type IV (multidirectionally unstable).

CRITOE

Mnemonic for the appearance sequence of pediatric elbow ossification centers: Capitellum ($\approx 1$ yr), Radial head ($\approx 3$ yrs), Internal/medial epicondyle ($\approx 5$ yrs), Trochlea ($\approx 7$ yrs), Olecranon ($\approx 9$ yrs), and External/lateral epicondyle ($\approx 11$ yrs).

Loder Classification

Classification of Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE) based on ambulation: Stable (can ambulate with or without aids) vs Unstable (cannot ambulate even with crutches, carrying higher AVN risk).

Southwick Angle

Radiographic classification grading SCFE severity based on epiphyseal slip angle difference: Mild ($<30^\circ$), Moderate ($30\text{--}50^\circ$), and Severe ($>50^\circ$).

Delbet Classification

Classification of pediatric femoral neck fractures based on anatomic location: Type I (transphyseal), Type II (transcervical), Type III (cervicotrochanteric/basicervical), and Type IV (intertrochanteric).

Herring Lateral Pillar Classification

System grading Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease based on lateral pillar height maintenance: Group A (full height), Group B ($>50\%$ height), Group B/C border (borderline), and Group C ($<50\%$ height).

CAVE Mnemonic

Mnemonic describing the classic deformities in clubfoot: Cavus, Adductus, Varus, and Equinus.

Kocher Criteria

Clinical predictors for pediatric septic hip: non-weight-bearing, fever $>38.5^\circ\text{C}$, ESR $>40\,\text{mm/h}$, and WBC $>12\text{,}000/\mu\text{L}$ (with CRP $>2\,\text{mg/dL}$ in Caird modification).

Denis Three-Column Model

Spinal biomechanical model dividing the spine into Anterior column (ALL + anterior half body), Middle column (posterior half body + PLL), and Posterior column (posterior elements, facets, PLC).

TLICS System

Thoracolumbar Injury Classification and Severity Score combining morphology, PLC integrity, and neurology to guide treatment ($\le 3$ nonoperative, $4$ equivocal, $\ge 5$ operative).

Meyerding Classification

Grading system for spondylolisthesis based on percentage slip: Grade I ($0\text{--}25\%$), Grade II ($25\text{--}50\%$), Grade III ($50\text{--}75\%$), Grade IV ($75\text{--}100\%$), and Grade V ($>100\%$ / spondyloptosis).

Central Cord Syndrome

Incomplete cervical spinal cord injury caused by hyperextension, producing motor weakness that is greater in the upper extremities than in the lower extremities.

Anterior Cord Syndrome

Incomplete cord syndrome resulting in loss of motor function, pain, and temperature sensation below the lesion level, with preserved dorsal column proprioception and vibration.

Brown-Séquard Syndrome

Spinal hemicord lesion causing ipsilateral loss of motor function, vibration, and proprioception along with contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation.

Paprosky Classification

Classification systems evaluating bone loss in revision total joint arthroplasty for both the femur (Types I through IV) and acetabulum (Types I through III).

Dorr Classification

System categorizing proximal femoral cortical bone geometry into Type A (champagne flute), Type B (intermediate), and Type C (stovepipe).

Lewinnek Safe Zone

Classic historic radiographic target range for total hip acetabular component placement: inclination $40^\circ \pm 10^\circ$ and anteversion $15^\circ \pm 10^\circ$.

Enneking Staging System

Orthopaedic oncology classification categorizing benign lesions (Latent 1, Active 2, Aggressive 3) and malignant lesions (Stage I low grade, Stage II high grade, Stage III metastatic; subtyped into A intracompartmental and B extracompartmental).

Mirels Score

Scoring tool evaluating pathologic fracture risk based on location, pain, lesion character, and size; a score $\ge 9$ indicates consideration for prophylactic fixation.

Danis-Weber Classification

Ankle fracture system based on fibular fracture level relative to syndesmosis: Type A (below), Type B (at level), and Type C (above, strongly associated with syndesmotic disruption).

Lauge-Hansen Classification

Mechanistic classification system for ankle fractures based on foot position and direction of deforming force: SER, SAD, PER, and PAB.

Sanders Classification

CT-based classification for intra-articular calcaneal fractures based on the number of posterior facet fragments: Type I (nondisplaced), Type II (2 parts), Type III (3 parts), and Type IV ($\ge 4$ parts / comminuted).

Johnson-Strom Staging

Classification for posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD) progressing from Stage I (tenosynovitis without deformity), Stage II (flexible flatfoot), Stage III (rigid flatfoot), to Stage IV (ankle valgus involvement).