APES 4.6 Internal and External Challenges to State Power

portugal in africa

-portugal pushed out of Asia by the British and Dutch
-focused on building its colonies in Africa, slave trade expanded in these areas
-west African Kingdoms needed to adapt
-places like Ndongo suffered from slave raids and attacks from outside groups allied with Portugal; converted to Christianity to strengthen alliance

russia

-problems come from within the borders
-russia lagged behind innovation and social reforms in Europe

russian serfdom

-serfs still work the land, and suffer mistreatment, peasants forced into serfdom-- losing land and increased debt
-serfdom provided free labor to expanding Russian territory
-Russia tied serfs to the land to control the labor source
-serfs could be bought and sold

cossacks

-skilled fighters living near the Black Sea
-peasants and runaway serfs
-viewed themselves independent - against the central govt

pugachev rebellion

-peasants angry that Catherine gave nobility power over the serf and their land
-catherine wanted loyalty from the nobility
-result: Catherine actually increased oppression of the serfs and peasants

yemelyan pugachev

Cossack; claimed to be Catherine the Great's murdered husband Peter III, led the rebellion

maratha rebellion

-Hindu group revolted against Mughal Empire between 1680-1707
-Set up Maratha Empire - lasted until 1818

pueblo revolt

-Pueblo and Apache force out Spaniards trying to convert indigenous people in 1680
-Destroy Churches and killed 400 colonists
-Reconquered in 1692

maroon wars in jamaica

-series of wars to gain freedom against England (1728-1740; 1795-1796)
-a series of treaties ended the wars

maroons

descendants of runaway African slaves who created their own settlements

gloucester county rebellion (1663)

-slaves and white indentured servants planned to rebel in Virginia
-found out and abused and arrested

metacoms war (king phillips war)

-native American attempt to drive colonists out of parts of New England
-destroyed 12 towns
-british with help of Mohegan and Pequot groups defeated Metacom

glorious revolution 1685

-james II - Catholic monarch- enacted anti-Protestant measures
-nobles invited William the Orange (Protestant) to invade England with his army- invaded in 1688
-william and mary (James daughter) held joint rule over England
-strengthened power of Parliament
-outlawed Catholic rule of England