Bio 1511 chapter 3

What is a Organic compound

Carbon-based molecules, typically also containing hydrogen

Hydrocarbon definition

Molecules consisting of only carbon+hydrogen

Isomer definition

compounds with the same formula but different structural arrangement

Functional group definition

A polar chemical group that affects a molecules function by participating in chemical reactions

Polymer definiton

Long-molecule with identical or similar building blocks (monomers) joined together

Dehydration Reaction definition

The act of joining monomers/monosaccarides by adding a H2O molecule

Carbohydrate definition

Small sugars molecules to large polysaccharides (like starches)

Monosaccharide definition

Simple sugars, monomers of carbohydrates

Polysaccharide definition

Macromolecule with lots of monosaccharides linked via dehydration reactions

Lipids definition

diverse organic compounds that are hydrophobic

Important examples of polysaccharides

Starch, glycogen, cellulose

Fat definition

Large lipid made form glycerol and fatty acids

Triglyceride definition

3 fatty acids to one glycerol to make a fat

Unsaturated fat vs saturated fat

unsaturated has a double bond between carbon atoms, saturated has NO double bonds, each carbon is saturated with hydrogen atoms

Steroids defintion

Lipids where the carbon skeleton has four fused rings

Phospholipids definition

Two fatty acids attached to glycerol, with a negatively charged phosphate group attached to the third carbon of glycerol

Proteins definiton

Polymers of building blocks called amino acids

when does protein denaturation occur

when a protein three dimensional shape unravels and the protein loses its function (often because of excessive heat)

Peptide bonds definition

covalent linkages of amino acids, resulting from a dehydration reaction

Primary protein structure

Sequence of amino acids in a peptide

Secondary protein structure

Hydrogen bonds between polypeptide backbone

Tertiary protein structure

Overall three dimensional shape of a protein

Quaternary protein structure

Proteins with multiple polypeptide sub units

Nucleotides defintion

Monomers that make up nucleic acids (DNA)

What is the purpose of dehydration reactions

to join building blocks (monos) together into (polys)

What monomers make up a protein

amino acids

What monomers make up a nucleotides

nucleic acids

Function of starch

used as storage of carbohydrates in plants, where plants can withdraw glucose

Function of glycogen

Stored by animals in liver and muscle cells and is broken down to release glucose

Function of cellulose

provide structural support for plant cell walls

Monomer for cellulose

glucose

True or false, Lipids are typically hydrophobic

True

Composition of DNA

Nucleic acids

Which simple sugar monomers make up glycogen, cellulose, and starches

Glucose

Which level of protein structure includes alpha helices and beta pleated sheets?

The secondary structure

Which level of protein structure only consists of peptide bonds between amino
acids?

The primary structure

Which parts of nucleotides make up the backbone of DNA?

The deoxyribose sugar and the phosphate group

Which parts of
nucleotides hydrogen bond with each other?

Nitrogen bases