Chapter 5: Exploring Mixtures and Their Separation - Vocabulary Flashcards

A deck of 20 vocabulary flashcards defining fundamental concepts, properties, and separation methods of mixtures from Chapter 5.

Homogeneous Mixture

A mixture that has a uniform composition throughout, such that every portion has identical properties (also referred to as a solution).

Heterogeneous Mixture

A mixture that does not have a uniform composition throughout, in which the distinct components or particles are visible and can settle over time.

Solute

The substance that gets dissolved in a solvent to form a solution.

Solvent

The component of a solution that dissolves the solute.

Concentration of a Solution

The amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent or total solution.

Mass by Mass Percentage

A measure of concentration defined as $\text{Mass by mass percentage} = \frac{\text{Mass of solute}}{\text{Mass of solution}} \times 100$, representing grams of solute in $100\text{ g}$ of total solution.

Solubility

The maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a fixed quantity of solvent ($100\text{ g}$ or $100\text{ mL}$) at a specified temperature.

Saturated Solution

A solution that cannot dissolve any additional solute at a given temperature.

Crystal

A solid body composed of particles arranged in a regular, repeating geometric pattern.

Crystallization

A laboratory separation and purification technique in which pure solid crystals are formed from a saturated solution.

Distillation

A process of separating miscible liquids by heating the mixture until the liquid with the lower boiling point vaporizes, then cooling and condensing the vapor back into a pure liquid.

Fractional Distillation

A method used to separate components of a mixture that have relatively small differences in boiling points (less than $25\text{ }^{\text{o}}\text{C}$).

Paper Chromatography

A method used to separate the components of a mixture based on differences in their rates of movement across a strip of specialized paper carrying a solvent.

Immiscible Liquids

Liquids that do not mix with each other and form distinct separate layers when allowed to stand undisturbed.

Sublimation

The direct phase transition of a solid substance into a vapor on heating (below its melting point) without passing through the liquid state.

Deposition

The process in which a vapor cools and changes directly back into a solid without turning into a liquid first.

Alloy

A solid homogeneous mixture of two or more metals, or a metal and a non-metal, which cannot be separated into its individual constituents by physical methods.

Suspension

A heterogeneous mixture containing solid particles larger than $1000\text{ nm}$ that do not dissolve, remaining suspended throughout the medium and settling over time.

Centrifugation

A separation technique that employs rapid rotation to force heavier particles in a mixture outward to the bottom of a container.

Tyndall Effect

The phenomenon of light scattering by dispersed particles in a colloid or suspension, making the path of the light beam visible.