4.13 face processing, 4.14 ventral stream: perceptual constancy, 4.15 colour and lightness constancy, 4.16 interaction with the world, 4.17 depth perception, 4.18 depth perception, 4.19 sound and the ear

ventral ('what) stream:

extends from visual cortex to temporal lobe
-responsible for objects and face recognition
-fusiform face area
- pareidolia and prosopagnosia

pareidolia

: the tendency to perceive a specific, often meaningful image in a random or ambiguous visual pattern.

prospognosia

you cannot recognise people's faces

grebe experiment

fusiform face area responsible for visual expertise, not specific to faces

perceptual constancy

ability to perceive objects as having constant shape, size and colour despite changes in perspective

size constancy

relies on other depth cues to make perceptual corrections to retinal image
rely on contextual depth cues to achieve deception

colour constancy

our ability to perceive colors as relatively constant over varying illuminations

top-down influences

different forms, such as attention, expectation and perceptual tasks.

lightness constancy

maintaining perception under uneven illuminations

dorsal (where/how) stream

extends from visual cortex to the parietal lobe, guides interaction with objects and is responsible for depth and motion perception

depth perception: binocular cues

distance cues that are based on the differing perspective of both eyes

convergence

occurs when the eye muscle contrast so that both eyes focus on a single object

retinal disparity

the difference in perspective provided by each eye

stereopsis

: sense of depth

strabismus

eyes dont align properly when looking at objects :lazy eye

frontal eyes

places front

lateral eyes

places beside the heads

monocular depth cues

these are depth cues that we can percieve with only one eye

monocular depth cues: accommodation

curving of lens to focus on nearby objects

monocular depth cues: motion parallax

used when surrounding are in motion

pitch

perceptual experience of sound wave frequencies

loudness

perceptual experience of amplitude

outer ear: pinna

collects sound

outer ear: auditory canal

amplifies frequencies between 1000 and 5000 Hz

middle ear: vibrations of tympanic membrane

amplified by ossicles to convert wave in air to wave in fluid of inner ear