Muscular System

NASM 6th ed. Appendix D for Muscular System

Anterior Tibialis

• category: lower leg musculature

• origin: starts at the lateral surface of the tibia

• insertion: ends at the base of the first metatarsal

• isolated function: concentric dorsiflexion and inversion

• integrated function: eccentric plantarflexion and eversion

• stabilizes the arch of the foot

Posterior Tibialis

• category: lower leg musculature

• origin: starts at the posterior surface of the tibia and fibula

• insertion: ends at most of the tarsal bones

• isolated function: concentric plantarflexion and inversion

• integrated function: eccentric dorsiflexion and eversion

• stabilizes the arch of the foot

Soleus

• category: lower leg musculature

• origin: starts at the posterior surface of the fibular head and tibia

• insertion: achilles tendon

• isolated function: concentric plantarflexion

• integrated function: eccentric dorsiflexion

• stabilizes foot and ankle complex

Gastrocnemius

• category: lower leg musculature

• origin: starts at the posterior aspect of the femoral condyles

• instertion: achilles tendon

• isolated function: concentric plantarflexion

• integrated function: eccentric dorsiflexion

• stabilizes the foot and ankle complex

Peroneus Longus

• category: lower leg musculature

• origin: starts at the lateral condyle of the tibia and lateral surface of the fibula

• insertion: ends at the lateral side of the first metatarsal

• isolated function: concentric plantarflexion and eversion

• integrated function: eccentric dorsiflexion

• stabilizes the foot and ankle complex

Bicep Femoris - Long Head

• category: hamstring complex

• origin: bottom of the pelvis

• insertion: head of the fibula

• isolated function: concentric knee flexion, hip extension, and tibial external rotation

• integrated function: eccentric knee extension, hip flexion, and tibial internal rotation

• stabilizes the LPHC and knee

Bicep Femoris - Short Head

• category: hamstring complex

• origin: posterior aspect of the femur

• insertion: head of the fibula

• isolated function: concentric knee flexion and tibial internal rotation

• integrated function: eccentric knee extension and tibial internal rotation

• stabilizes the knee

Semimembranosus

category: hamstring complex

origin: bottom of the pelvis

insertion: posterior aspect of the tibia

isolated function: concentric knee flexion, hip extension, and tibial internal rotation

integrated function: eccentric knee extension, hip flexion, and tibial external rotation

stabilizes the LPHC and knee

Semitendinosus

category: hamstring complex

origin: bottom of the pelvis

insertion: posterior aspect of the tibia

isolated function: concentric knee flexion, hip extension, and tibial internal rotation

integrated function: eccentric knee extension, hip flexion, tibial external rotation

stabilizes the LPHC and knee

Vastus Lateralis

• category: quadriceps

• origin: the anterior, lateral region of the femur

• insertion:base of patella and tibia

• isolated function: concentric knee extension

• integrated function: concentric knee flexion, adduction, and internal rotation

• stabilizes the knee

Vastus Medialis

• category: quadriceps

• origin: proximal, medial region of the femur

• insertion: base of patella and tibia

• isolated function: concentric knee extension

• integrated function: eccentric knee flexion, adduction, and internal rotation

• stabilizes the knee

Vastus Intermedius

• category: quadriceps

• origin: anterior, lateral region of the femur

• insertion: base of patella and tibia

• isolated function: concentric knee extension

• integrated function: eccentric knee flexion, adduction, and internal roation

• stabilizes the knee

Rectus Femoris

• category: quadriceps

• origin: anterior iliac spine of the pelvis

• insertion: base of patella and tibia

• isolated function: concentric knee extension and hip flexion

• integrated function: eccentric knee flexion, adduction, and internal rotation

• stabilizes the LPHC and knee

Adductor Longus

• category: hip musculature

• origin: anterior surface of the bottom of the pelvis

• insertion: proximal region of femur

• isolated function: concentric hip adduction, flexion, and internal rotation

• integrated function: eccentric hip abduction, extension, and external rotation

• stabilizes the LPHC

Adductor Magnus - Anterior Fibers

• category: hip musculature

• origin: ischial ramus of the pelvis

• insertion: linea aspera of the femur

• isolated function: concentric hip adduction, flexion, and internal rotation

• integrated function: eccentric hid abduction, extension, and external rotation

• stabilizes the LPHC

Adductor Magnus - Posterior Fibers

• category: hip musculature

• origin: ischial tuberosity of the pelvis

• insertion: adductor tubercle of the femus

• isolated function: concentric hip adduction, extension, and external rotation

• integrated function: eccentric hip abduction, flexion, and internal rotation

• stabilizes the LPHC

Adductor Brevis

• category: hip musculature

• origin: anterior surface of the lower pelvis

• insertion: linea aspera of the femur

• isolated function: concentric hip adduction, flexion, and internal rotation

• integrated function: eccentric hip abduction, extension, and external rotation

• stabilizes the LPHC

Gracilis

• category: hip musculature

• origin: anterior aspect of the pubis

• insertion: proximal, medial aspect of the tibia

• isolated function: concentric hip adduction, flexion, and internal rotation

• integrated function: eccentric hip abduction, extension, and external rotation

• stabilizes LPHC and knee

Pectineus

• category: hip musculature

• origin: superior pectineal line of the pelvis

• insertion: posterior pectineal line of the femur

• isolated function: concentric hip adduction, flexion, and internal rotation

• integrated function: eccentric hip abduction, extension, external rotation

• stabilizes the LPHC

Gluteus Medius

• category: hip musculature

• origin: illium of the pelvis

• insertion: lateral trochanter of the femur

• isolated function: concentric hip abduction, internal rotation, and external rotation

• integrated function: eccentric hip adduction, internal rotation, and external rotation

• stabilizes the LPHC

Gluteus Minimus

• category: hip musculature

• origin: illium of the pelvis

• insertion: trochanter of the femur

• isolated function: concentric hip abduction and internal rotation

• integrated function: eccentric hip adduction and external rotation

• stabilizes the LPHC

Gluteus Maximus

• category: hip musculature

• origin: illium of the pelvis, sacrum and coccyx

• insertion: gluteul toberosity of the femur

• isolated function: concentric hip extension and external rotation

• integrated function: eccentric hip flexion, internal rotation, and tibial internal rotation

• stabilizes LPHC

Tensor Fascia Latae

• category: hip musculature

• origin: outer surface of the iliac crest

• insertion: iliotibial band

• isolated function: concentric hip flexion, abduction, and internal rotation

• integrated function: eccentric hip extension, adduction, and external rotation

• stabilizes the LPHC

Psoas

• category: hip musculature

• origin: thoracic vertebrae

• insertion: trochanter of the femur

• isolated function: concentric hip flexion, external hip rotation, and spinal rotation

• integrated function: eccentric hip internal rotation, hip extension

• stabilizes the LPHC

Iliacus

• category: hip musculature

• origin: iliac fossa and iliac crest

• insertion: trochanter of the femur

• isolated function: concentric hip flexion and external rotation

• integrated function: eccentric hip extension and internal rotation

• stabilizes the LPHC

Sartorius

• category: hip musculature

• origin: anterior-superior iliac spine of the pelvis

• insertion: proximal medial surface of the tibia

• isolated function: concentric hip flexion, external hip rotation, and abduction, knee flexion and internal knee rotation

• integrated function: eccentric hip extension, internal hip rotation, knee extension and external knee rotation

• stabilizes the LPHC and knee

Piriformis

• category: hip musculature

• origin: anterior sacrum

• insertion: trochanter of the femur

• isolated function: concentric hip external rotation, abduction, and extension

• integrated function: eccentric hip internal rotation, adduction, and extension

• stabilizes the hip and sacroiliac joints

Rectus Abdominis

• category: abdominal musculature

• origin: pubic symphysis of the pelvis

• insertion: ribs 5-7 and sternum

• isolated function: concentric spinal flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation

• integrated function: eccentric spinal extension, lateral flexion, and rotation

• stabilizes the LPHC

External Oblique

• category: abdominal musculature

• origin: ribs 4-12

• insertion: iliac crest of the pelvis

• isolated function: concentric spinal flexion, lateral flexion, and contralateral rotation

• integrated function: eccentric spinal extension, lateral flexion, and rotation

• stabilizes the LPHC

Internal Oblique

• category: abdominal musculature

• origin: iliac crest of the pelvis

• insertion: ribs 9-12

• isolated function: concentric spinal flexion, lateral flexion, and ipsilateral rotation

• integrated function: eccentric spinal extension, rotation, and lateral flexion

• stabilizes the LPHC

Transverse Abdominis

• category: abdominal musculature

• origin: ribs 7-12 and iliac crest of pelvis

• insertion: lineae alba and contralateral rectus sheaths

• isolated function: increase intra-abdominal pressure and support the abdominal viscera

• stabilizes the LPHC

Diaphragm

• category: abdominal musculature

• origin: ribs 6-12, xiphoid process, and L1-3

• insertion: central tendon

• isolated function: concentric pulls the central tendon inferiorly, increases volume in thoracic cavity

• stabilizes the LPHC

Superficial Erector Spinae

• category: back musculature

• origin: iliac crest of the pelvis, sacrum and T11-15

• insertion: posterior aspect of the ribs and skull

• isolated function: concentric spinal extension, rotation, and lateral flexion

• integrated function: eccentric spinal flexion, rotation, and lateral flexion

• stabilizes the spine

Quadratus Lumborum

• category: back musculature

• origin: iliac crest of the pelvis

• insertion: L2-L5 and 12th rib

• isolated function: spinal lateral flexion

• integrated function: eccentric contralateral lateral spinal flexion

• stabilizes the LPHC

Multifidus

• category: back musculature

• origin: posterior aspect of the sacrum and spine

• insertion: one to four segments above origin

• isolated function: concentric spinal extension and contralateral rotation

• integrated function: eccentric spinal flexion and rotation

• stabilizes the spine

Latissimus Dorsi

• category: back musculature

• origin: T7-12, iliac crest of the pelvis, thoracolumbar fascia, and ribs 9-12

• insertion: scapula and humerus

• isolated function: concentric shoulder extension, adduction, and internal rotation

• integrated function: eccentric shoulder flexion, abduction, and external rotation and spinal flexion

• stabilizes the LPHC and shoulder

Serratus Anterior

• category: shoulder musculature

• origin: ribs 4-12

• insertion: scapula

• isolated function: concentric scapular protraction

• integrated function: eccentric scapular retraction

• stabilizes scapula

Rhomboid Major

• category: shoulder musculature

• origin: C7-T5

• insertion: scapula

• isolated function: concentric scapular retraction and downward rotation

• integrated function: eccentric scapular protraction and upward rotation

• stabilizes the scapula

Rhomboid Minor

• category: shoulder musculature

• origin: C7-T1

• insertion: scapula superior to the spine

• isolated function: concentric scapular retraction and downward rotation

• integrated function: eccentric scapular protraction and upward

• stabilizes the scapula

Lower Trapezius

• category: shoulder musculature

• origin: T6-T12

• insertion: spine of the scapula

• isolated function: concentric scapular depression

• integrated function: eccentric scapular elevation

• stabilizes scapula

Middle Trapezius

• category: shoulder musculature

• origin: T1-T5

• insertion: scapula

• isolated function: concentric scapular retraction

• integrated function: eccentric scapular elevation

• stabilizes the scapula

Upper Trapezius

• category: shoulder musculature

• origin: skull and C7

• insertion: clavicle and scapula

• isolated function: concentric cervical extension, lateral flexion, and rotation

• integrated function: eccentric cervical flexion, lateral flexion, rotation, and scapular depression

• stabilizes the spine and scapula

Pectoralis Major

• category: shoulder musculature

• origin: clavicle, sternum, ribs 1-7

• insertion: tubercle of the humerus

• isolated function: concentric shoulder flexion, horizontal adduction, and internal rotation

• integrated function: eccentric shoulder extension, horizontal adduction, and internal rotation

• stabilizes stabilizes shoulder girdle

Pectoralis Minor

• category: shoulder musculature

• origin: ribs 3-5

• insertion: scapula

• isolated function: concentric scapular protraction

• integrated function: eccentric scapular retraction

• stabilizes the shoulder girdle

Anterior Deltoid

• category: shoulder musculature

• origin: clavicle

• insertion: humerus

• isolated function: concentric shoulder flexion and internal rotation

• integrated function: eccentric shoulder extension and external rotation

• stabilizes the shoulder girdle

Medial Deltoid

• category: shoulder musculature

• origin: scapula

• insertion: humerus

• isolated function: concentric shoulder abduction

• integrated function: eccentric shoulder adduction

• stabilizes

Posterior Deltoid

• category: shoulder musculature

• origin: scapula

• insertion: humerus

• isolated function: concentric shoulder extension and external rotation

• integrated function: eccentric shoulder flexion and internal rotation

• stabilizes the shoulder girdle

Teres Major

• category: shoulder musculature

• origin: scapula

• insertion: humerus

• isolated function: concentric shoulder internal rotation, adduction, and extension

• integrated function: eccentric shoulder external rotation, abduction, and flexion

• stabilizes the shoulder girdle

Teres Minor

• category: rotator cuff

• origin: scapula

• insertion: humerus

• isolated function: concentric shoulder external rotation

• integrated function: eccentric shoulder internal rotation

• stabilizes the shoulder girdle

Infraspinatus

• category: rotator cuff

• origin: scapula

• insertion: humerus

• isolated function: concentric shoulder external rotation

• integrated function: eccentric shoulder internal rotation

• stabilizes the shoulder girdle

Subscapularis

• category: rotator cuff

• origin: scapula

• insertion: humerus

• isolated function: concentric shoulder internal rotation

• integrated function: eccentric shoulder external rotation

• stabilizes the shoulder girdle

Supraspinatus

• category: rotator cuff

• origin: scapula

• insertion: humerus

• isolated function: concentric arm abduction

• integrated function: eccentric arm adduction

• stabilizes the shoulder girdle

Biceps Brachii

• category: arm musculature

• origin: humerus and scapula

• insertion: radius

• isolated function: concentric elbow flexion, supination of the radioulnar joint, and shoulder flexion

• integrated function: eccentric elbow extension, pronation of the radioulnar joint, and shoulder extension

• stabilizes the shoulder girdle

• two heads, short and long head

Triceps Brachii

• category: arm musculature

• origin: scapula and humerus

• insertion: ulna

• isolated function: concentric elbow extension and shoulder extension

• integrated function: eccentric elbow flexion and shoulder flexion

• stabilizes the shoulder girdle

Brachioradialis

• category: arm musculature

• origin: humerus

• insertion: radius

• isolated function: concentric elbow flexion

• integrated function: eccentric elbow extension

• stabilizes the elbow

Brachialis

• category: arm musculature

• origin: humerus

• insertion: ulna

• isolated function: concentric elbow flexion

• integrated function: eccentric elbow extension

• stabilizes the elbow

Levator Scapulae

• category: neck musculature

• origin: C1-4

• insertion: scapulae

• isolated function: concentric cervical extension, lateral flexion, and ipsilateral rotation, rotation of the scapula

• integrated function: eccentriccervical flexion, contralateral cervical rotation, lateral flexion, and scapular depression and scapular upward rotation

• stabilizes the cervical spine and scapulae

Sternocleidomastoid

• category: neck musclature

• origin: sternum and clavicle

• insertion: skull

• isolated function: concentric cervical flexion, rotation, and lateral flexion

• integrated function: eccentric cervical extension, rotation, and lateral flexion

• stabilizes the cervical spine and acromioclavicular joint

Scalenes

• category: neck musculature

• origin: C3-7

• insertion: first and second ribs

• isolated function: concentric cervical flexion, rotation, and lateral flexion, rib elevation during inhalation

• integrated function: eccentric cervical extension, rotation, and lateral flexion

• stabilizes the cervical spine

Longus Coli

• category: neck musculature

• origin: T1-T3

• insertion: C1

• isolated function: concentric cervical flexion, lateral flexion, and ipsilateral rotation

• integrated function: eccentric cervical extension, laterla flexion, and contralateral rotation

• stabilizes the cervical spine

Longus Capitis

• category: neck musculature

• origin: C3-C6

• insertion: occipital bone

• isolated function: concentric cervical flexion and lateral flexion

• integrated function: eccentric cervical extension

• stabilizes the cervical spine