Biomolecules - Carbohydrates

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What are Micronutrients?

Essential Elements/Small molecule chains required by organisms in Varying amounts

What are Vitamins?

Organic Micronutrients consumed in small amounts

Either Water-soluble (taken w/ water) or Fat-soluble (taken w/ food)

What are Minerals?

Inorganic elements on earth & in food
Needed by body to develop and function normally

What defines being organic?

Possessing C-H bonds

What are Macromolecules or Biomolecules?

4 Groups of molecules that make up the building blocks of life
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

How are Macromolecules made? What are their common components?

Formed by Polymerization: joining small monomers together
Mainly made of Carbon, also H, O, N, P, S
CHONPS

How is Polymerization done?

Condensation/Dehydration Synthesis, where monomers are covalently linked producing water

How is Depolymerization done?

Hydrolysis, where covalent bonds between monomers are broken by the addition of water

What are Carbohydrates?

Fuel and Building material
Main source of immediate energy
Used for energy storage, cell structure, and energy source

What is the general structure of Carbohydrates?

Made of C-H-O bonds
Polymers made of monosaccharides
Monomer: Monosaccharides

What are Monosaccharides?

Simplest form of Carbohydrates
Energy stored in chemical bonds broken during Cellular Respiration

What is the structure of Monosaccharides?

Simple chain of carbon bonded to hydrogen and oxygen C-OH
One Carbonyl group; C=O

What are the types of Monosaccharides?

Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose

What are Disaccharides?

2 Monosaccharides joined by a Glycosidic Linkage:
covalent bond formed by condensation reaction

What are the types of Disaccharides?

Sucrose (table sugar) - Glucose + Fructose
Lactose (in milk) - Galactose + Glucose
Maltose (in beer) - Glucose + Glucose

What are Polysaccharides?

Sugar polymers made by long chain of monosaccharides
Function as storage or structural support

What are the types of Structural Polysaccharides?

Cellulose - plant cell walls
Chitin - forms exoskeleton of arthropods and cell walls of some fungi, containing N

What are Storage Carbohydrates?

Polysaccharides used for energy harvest in Hydrolysis
Types: Starch and Glycogen

What is Starch?

Storage carbohydrate of plants
Stored as granules within plastids
Broken down by Animals for nutrition through digestion enzymes

Amylose: One chain of carbohydrates
Amylopectin: Highly branched chain of carbohydrates

What is Glycogen?

Storage carbohydrates of animals
Large Glucose polymer more highly branched than amylopectin
Stored in muscle and liver
May be turned into fats

What are Glycoproteins?

Proteins w/ carb grps attached to its polypeptide chain
Occurs on cell membranes and blood
Serve as receptors for chemical interactions

What are Glycolipids?

Lipids w/ carb grps attached by a glycosidic bond
Occurs on cell membrane: less diverse than Glycoprotein
Facilitate cellular recognition